2. Apoptosis
  3. Caspase Apoptosis
  4. Acetyl-L-carnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine  (Synonyms: O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR)

Cat. No.: HY-113218 Purity: 99.70%
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Acetyl-L-carnitine (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR) is an orally active mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Acetyl-L-carnitine selectively enters cells and the brain through the organic cation transporter OCTN2. Acetyl-L-carnitine can participate in fatty acid β-oxidation, promote acetylcholine synthesis, regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress as an acetyl donor. Acetyl-L-carnitine exerts its activity by enhancing energy metabolism, protecting neurons and improving synaptic plasticity. Acetyl-L-carnitine is mainly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorder-related diseases such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease, and depression.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Acetyl-L-carnitine Chemical Structure

Acetyl-L-carnitine Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 3040-38-8

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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
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Based on 2 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Acetyl-L-carnitine:

Acetyl-L-carnitine Related Antibodies

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Description

Acetyl-L-carnitine (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR) is an orally active mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Acetyl-L-carnitine selectively enters cells and the brain through the organic cation transporter OCTN2. Acetyl-L-carnitine can participate in fatty acid β-oxidation, promote acetylcholine synthesis, regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress as an acetyl donor. Acetyl-L-carnitine exerts its activity by enhancing energy metabolism, protecting neurons and improving synaptic plasticity. Acetyl-L-carnitine is mainly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorder-related diseases such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease, and depression[1][2][3].

IC50 & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

In Vitro

Cell Viability and Apoptosis:
Acetyl-L-carnitine (1 mM; 30 min) significantly inhibits 1 μg/mL Doxycycline (HY-N0565)-induced caspase-3/9 activation, reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis, and maintains glutathione levels in thioredoxin TRX2-deficient DT40 cells[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Acetyl-L-carnitine Related Antibodies

Cell Viability Assay[1]

Cell Line: TRX2-/- DT40 cells (chicken B-cell line)
Concentration: 1 mM
Incubation Time: 30 min pretreatment before 1 μg/mL Doxycycline induction
Result: Reduced activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, key markers of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, compared to untreated cells.
Decrease 40% in intracellular ROS levels, indicating attenuation of oxidative stress.
Maintained glutathione levels in both cytosol and mitochondria, preventing redox imbalance caused by TRX2 deficiency.
Resulted 35% reduction in apoptotic cell population, confirming protective effects against mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.
In Vivo

Acetyl-L-carnitine (100 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; once daily; 14 days) significantly alleviates brain damage in the hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) model of neonatal rats, improves neurological function, reduced oxidative stress levels, and decreases cell apoptosis[2].
Acetyl-L-carnitine (300 mg/kg; oral gavage; once daily; 28 days) improves cognitive function in the cognitive impairment model of aged rats, enhances synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, and increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats (male, 18-22g, postnatal day 7), hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) model[2]
Dosage: 100 mg/kg
Administration: Intraperitoneal injection, once daily, for 14 consecutive days starting 24 hours after HIBD induction
Result: Brain injury: Reduced infarct volume by 40% compared to the HIBD control group as measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.
Neurological function: Improved neurological scores, including motor function, sensory function, and balance, as evaluated by a modified neurological severity score (mNSS).
Clinical Trial
Molecular Weight

203.24

Formula

C9H17NO4
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](OC(C)=O)CC([O-])=O
Structure Classification
Initial Source

Homo sapiens
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

Store at room temperature 3 years

In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

H2O : 100 mg/mL (492.03 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 14.29 mg/mL (70.31 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 4.9203 mL 24.6015 mL 49.2029 mL
5 mM 0.9841 mL 4.9203 mL 9.8406 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

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Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

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Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.30 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.30 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO / H2O 1 mM 4.9203 mL 24.6015 mL 49.2029 mL 123.0073 mL
5 mM 0.9841 mL 4.9203 mL 9.8406 mL 24.6015 mL
10 mM 0.4920 mL 2.4601 mL 4.9203 mL 12.3007 mL
15 mM 0.3280 mL 1.6401 mL 3.2802 mL 8.2005 mL
20 mM 0.2460 mL 1.2301 mL 2.4601 mL 6.1504 mL
25 mM 0.1968 mL 0.9841 mL 1.9681 mL 4.9203 mL
30 mM 0.1640 mL 0.8200 mL 1.6401 mL 4.1002 mL
40 mM 0.1230 mL 0.6150 mL 1.2301 mL 3.0752 mL
50 mM 0.0984 mL 0.4920 mL 0.9841 mL 2.4601 mL
60 mM 0.0820 mL 0.4100 mL 0.8200 mL 2.0501 mL
H2O 80 mM 0.0615 mL 0.3075 mL 0.6150 mL 1.5376 mL
100 mM 0.0492 mL 0.2460 mL 0.4920 mL 1.2301 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Acetyl-L-carnitine Related Classifications

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  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Acetyl-L-carnitine3040-38-8O-Acetyl-L-carnitine ALCARCaspaseApoptosisInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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