2. Academic Validation
  3. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines as novel and potent α‑glucosidase inhibitors

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines as novel and potent α‑glucosidase inhibitors

  • Sci Rep. 2025 May 22;15(1):17813. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-01819-0.
Fariba Peytam 1 2,  Parham Foroumadi 3,  Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan 4 5,  Maryam Norouzbahari 6,  Somayeh Mojtabavi 7,  Mohammad Ali Faramarzi 7,  Fahimeh Ghasemi 8,  Mohammadreza Torabi 8,  Behnaz Bameri 9,  Maliheh Barazandeh Tehrani 1,  Loghman Firoozpour 10 11,  Alireza Foroumadi 12 13
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  • 2 Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  • 3 International Campus-School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  • 4 Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin 10, Famagusta, TRNC, Turkey.
  • 5 The Engineered Biomaterials Research Center, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
  • 6 Faculty of Pharmacy, Final International University, Kyrenia via Mersin 10 Turkey, Catalkoy, TRNC, Turkey.
  • 7 Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  • 8 Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
  • 9 Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  • 10 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. firoozpour@gmail.com.
  • 11 Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. firoozpour@gmail.com.
  • 12 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. aforoumadi@yahoo.com.
  • 13 Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. aforoumadi@yahoo.com.
PMID: 40404778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-01819-0
Abstract

α-Glucosidase is a key enzyme responsible for controlling the blood glucose, making a pivotal target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Present work introduces1,2,4triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine as a novel, potent scaffold for α-glucosidase inhibition. A diverse scope of targeted compounds was prepared through an efficient, straightforward synthetic protocol. A series of compounds (15a-15v) were synthesized using a simple and efficient protocol, all showing notable inhibitory activity. Among them, compound 15j exhibited the best inhibition potency (IC₅₀ = 6.60 ± 0.09 µM), acting as a competitive and selective α-glucosidase inhibitor with no effect on α-amylase. Moreover, comprehensive computational studies were performed to validate the in vitro results and provide insight into compounds' binding interactions within the α-glucosidase's active site. The machine learning model, trained with the Estate fingerprint, achieved an AUC score of 0.65, demonstrating its utility in predicting α-glucosidase inhibition. Random Forest was identified as the most suitable model, and the dataset with the highest R² value was selected for further feature selection and model improvement. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that compound 15j had a strong binding affinity toward α-glucosidase, with a docking score of - 10.04 kcal/mol, and formed several remarkable interactions, particularly three key hydrogen bonds with TYR158, GLN353, and GLU411, contributing to its high inhibitory efficacy. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that the 15j-α-glucosidase complex exhibits high stability and effectively maintains its binding without causing significant structural changes in the enzyme, confirming the stable interaction and selective inhibition of this compound at the enzyme's active site.

Keywords

α-Glucosidase; Machine learning model; [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine; α-Amylase.

Figures
Products