Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium  (Synonyms: Gummiferin tripotassium)

Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium is a diterpenoid. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium can be isolated from plants of the genus Xanthium. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium is an ADP/ATP carrier inhibitor, inhibiting mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium promotes ROS production, induces Ca²⁺ release, and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium induces lethargy, weakness, and epileptic seizures in rats^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}.

Carboxyatractyloside (10-25 μM; 48 h) tripotassium promotes cell death in primary mouse lung endothelial cells and exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial depolarization, increased ROS generation, and MPT pore opening^[2].
Carboxyatractyloside (2 μM) tripotassium induces Ca²⁺ release, mitochondrial swelling, and membrane potential collapse in aged rat liver mitochondria^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Carboxyatractyloside (13.5 mg/kg, i.p.) tripotassium causes symptoms such as lethargy, weakness, and seizures in rats, and cause histopathological damage to the liver and kidneys, including vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes and renal tubular necrosis^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

885.09

C₃₁H₄₃K₃O₁₈S₂

77228-71-8

Solid

White to off-white

C=C([C@H](CC1)C2)[C@H](O)[C@@]32CC[C@]4([H])[C@@](C(O)=O)(C(O[K])=O)C[C@@H](O[C@@H]5[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](CO)O5)OS(=O)(O[K])=O)OS(=O)(O[K])=O)OC(CC(C)C)=O)C[C@@]4(C)[C@@]31[H]

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

• [1]. Ri M, et al. Identification of Toyocamycin, an agent cytotoxic for multiple myeloma cells, as a potent inhibitor of ER stress-induced XBP1 mRNA splicing. Blood Cancer J. 2012 Jul;2(7):e79.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Belosludtseva NV, et al. ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity. Biomolecules. 2024 Sep 15;14(9):1159.

  [3]. García N, et al. Cyclosporin A is unable to inhibit carboxyatractyloside-induced permeability transition in aged mitochondria. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 Apr;149(3):374-81.

  [4]. Luciani S, et al. Effects of carboxyatractyloside a structural analogue of atractyloside on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Life Sci II. 1971 Sep 8;10(17):961-8.

  [5]. Hatch RC, et al. Toxicologic study of carboxyatractyloside (active principle in cocklebur--Xanthium strumarium) in rats treated with enzyme inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursor and depletor. Am J Vet Res. 1982 Jan;43(1):111-6.

  [6]. Pebay-Peyroula E, et al. Structure of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier in complex with carboxyatractyloside. Nature. 2003 Nov 6;426(6962):39-44.