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  5. Tyloxapol

Tyloxapol is a nonionic liquid polymer of the alkyl aryl polyether alcohol type, used as a surface active stabilizer. Tyloxapol is used to induce hyperlipidemia in animals.

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Tyloxapol Chemical Structure

Tyloxapol Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 25301-02-4

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Based on 4 publication(s) in Google Scholar

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Tyloxapol Related Antibodies

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Description

Tyloxapol is a nonionic liquid polymer of the alkyl aryl polyether alcohol type, used as a surface active stabilizer. Tyloxapol is used to induce hyperlipidemia in animals[1][2].

In Vitro

Tyloxapol (100 μg/mL) triggers the detachment of HEK293 cells[2].
Tyloxapol induces nuclear fragmentation and the appearance of apoptotic nuclei[2].
Tyloxapol increases the risk of pulmonary haemorrhage, causes cytotoxicity in epithelial and red blood cells, and induces lysis of human Jurkat T-lymphoblasts[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Tyloxapol Related Antibodies
In Vivo

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Tyloxapol (Triton WR1339, 50 mg/kg) causes significant decreases in the activities of the AChE and MAO enzymes in rat plasma and brain[1].
Tyloxapol leads to significant reduction in the plasma urea, creatinine, and bilirubin[1].

Tyloxapol can be used in animal modeling to construct models of Hyperlipidemia[1][2][3].
Induction of hyperlipemia.
Background
Hyperlipidemia is characterized by high levels of plasma triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, accompanied by reduced HDL-cholesterol levels. Tyloxapol increases plasma cholesterol (Chol) levels by promoting hepatic Chol synthesis, particularly via increased 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. In addition, Tyloxapol directly disturbs lipolytic enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of plasma lipids, such as lipoprotein lipases, thus blocking the uptake of lipids from circulation to extra-hepatic tissues, resulting in increased blood lipid concentration.
Specific Modeling Methods
Rats: Wistar• male• weighing 300-360 g[1].
Administration: 400 mg/kg• i.p.• a single dose for 24 h[1].
Rats: Wistar-Imamichi• male• weighing 230-270 g[2].
Administration: 400 mg/kg• i.v. through a tail vein• a single dose for 24 h[2].
Rats: Wistar• male• 11-12 weeks of age• weighing 180-200 g[3].
Administration: 50 mg/kg• i.p.• every other day for 28 days[3].
Note
(1) Before administration, animals were housed at 22±2℃, under a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle, with 60% relative humidity, and received water and food ad libitum[1][2].
(2) Tyloxapol was dissolved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4). Twenty-four hours after administration, blood, liver, kidney, and forebrain tissues samples were collected for the comet assay. Bone marrow samples of from femurs were collected to perform the micronucleus assay[1].
(3) At the end of the 28th day of the experimental period, all animals of each group were anesthetized with ether and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected from anesthetized rats in test tubes containing heparin as an anticoagulant and placed immediately on ice[3].
Modeling Indicators
Molecular changes: Tyloxapol increased the levels of Chol, triglycerides (TG), glucose, albumin, creatinine and urea. Tyloxapol had high DNA damage in peripheral blood, liver and kidney[1][2].
Histological analysis: Hepatocytic damage was manifested by obvious fat vacuolation, the hepatic veins were dilated and congested with blood. Furthermore, the hepatocytic cells were necrosed and abnormal localization and infiltration of hepatocytic nuclei were showed[3].
Opposite Product(s): Simvastatin (HY-17502); ML-236B (HY-17408); Soybean oil (HY-108750)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats, aged 11–12 weeks weighing 180-200 g[1].
Dosage: 50 mg/kg.
Administration: Injected intraperitoneally, BW, every other day.
Result: Caused a significant (P < 0.05) elevation in the levels of TBARS combined with an inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GST, CAT, SOD) in rat plasma, liver, and brain.
Induced DNA fragmentation and inhibited the activities of acetylcholinesterase and mono aminoxidase in the brain.
Molecular Weight

261.38 (monomer)

Formula

(C15H21O(C2H4O)m)n
CAS No.
Appearance

Liquid (Density: 1.1 g/cm3)

Color

Colorless to light yellow

SMILES

[H]OCCOC1=C(CC)C=C(C(CC(C)(C)C)(C)C)C=C1C.[6].[=].[<].[5].[8].[n].[m].[_].[=].[m].[n]
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, protect from light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

H2O : 120 mg/mL (Need ultrasonic)

Ethanol : 100 mg/mL (Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : ≥ 38 mg/mL

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

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  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
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Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

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Volume (start)

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C2

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Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% EtOH    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL; Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL EtOH stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% EtOH    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL; Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL EtOH stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 100 mg/mL; Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

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Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

SDS (393 KB)

COA (251 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
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Tyloxapol Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Tyloxapol25301-02-4Biochemical Assay ReagentsInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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