2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that involve the transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen across several protein, metal, and lipid complexes in the mitochondria known as the electron transport chain (ETC). The electron transport chain utilizes NADH and FADH2 generated from several catabolic cellular processes. Also, oxidative phosphorylation utilizes elemental oxygen as the final oxidizing agent (and electron acceptor). Mitochondrial function and the electron transport chain shed light on the evolution and advancement of aerobic eukaryotic life, especially when compared to anaerobic organisms. It is the hallmark of aerobic respiration and is the reason why a plethora of lifeforms require oxygen to survive.
Most of the usable energy obtained from the breakdown of carbohydrates or fats is derived by oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place within mitochondria. For example, the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yields a total of four molecules of ATP, ten molecules of NADH, and two molecules of FADH2. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are then transferred to molecular oxygen, coupled to the formation of an additional 32 to 34 ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are critical activities of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which ultimately serve as the major source of cellular energy[1][2].

Oxidative Phosphorylation Related Products (84):

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-100941
    CCCP
    		99.83%
    CCCP is an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) uncoupler. CCCP induces activation of PINK1 leading to Parkin Ser65 phosphorylation.
    CCCP
  • HY-100410
    FCCP
    		99.70%
    FCCP is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mitochondria. FCCP induces activation of PINK1 leading to Parkin Ser65 phosphorylation.
    FCCP
  • HY-N6782
    Oligomycin
    		≥99.0%
    Oligomycin, an antifungal antibiotic, is an inhibitor of H+-ATP-synthase. Oligomycin blocks oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. Oligomycin inhibits HIF-1alpha expression in hypoxic tumor cells.
    Oligomycin
  • HY-N6687
    Calcimycin
    		99.12%
    Calcimycin (A-23187) is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin induces Ca2+-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin induces apoptosis.
    Calcimycin
  • HY-112037
    IACS-010759
    		99.68%
    IACS-010759 is an orally active, potent mitochondrial complex I of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. IACS-010759 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in models of brain cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reliant on OXPHOS. IACS-010759 has the potential for relapsed/refractory AML and solid tumors research.
    IACS-010759
  • HY-174216
    PZL-A
    		99.72%
    PZL-A is a activator of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis. PZL-A restores wild-type-like activity to mutant forms of polymerase γ (POLγ) with AC50 s of 160 and 20 nM for A467T and G848S. PZL-A activates mtDNA synthesis in cells, enhancing biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery and cellular respiration. PZL-A is promising for relieving POLG disease and other severe conditions linked to depletion of mtDNA.
    PZL-A
  • HY-115507
    NMac1
    NMac1 is an orally active Nm23/NDPK activator. NMac1 directly binds to Nm23-H1 and activates the NDPK activity of recombinant Nm23-H1 with an EC50 of 10.7 uM. NMac1 induces AMPK activation and inhibits mTOR and ERK, leading to mitochondrial OXPHOS dysregulation and suppressing mitochondrial ROS production, which in turn induces mitochondrial dysfunction in MDA-MB-231 cells. NMac1 inhibits Complex I activity and suppresses changes in morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization following Rac1 activation in MDA-MB-231 cells. NMac1 inhibits tumor invasion, migration and metastasis. NMac1 is useful for studying metastatic tumors, such as breast cancer. NMac1 can be isolated from the ginger cassumunar Roxb.
    NMac1
  • HY-175454
    YH-0623
    YH-0623 is an orally active mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) inhibitor (IC50 = 50.48 nM, Nanoluciferase Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (NanoBRET) assay). YH-0623 exhibits antiproliferative effects on 22Rv1 cells by reducing the expression of mitochondrial-related genes. YH-0623 inhibits 22Rv1 cell growth, colony formation, and the expression of OXPHOS-related proteins. YH-0623 significantly inhibits tumor growth in a prostate cancer xenograft mouse model. YH-0623 is indicated for prostate cancer research.
    YH-0623
  • HY-113596
    Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium
    		99.22%
    Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) trisodium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A trisodium, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium
  • HY-134539
    IMT1
    		99.86%
    IMT1 is a first-in-class specific and noncompetitive human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) inhibitor. IMT1 causes a conformational change of POLRMT, which blocks substrate binding and transcription in a dose-dependent way in vitro. IMT1 reduces deoxynucleoside triphosphate levels and citric acid cycle intermediates, resulting in a marked depletion of cellular amino acid levels. IMT1 has the potential for mitochondrial transcription disorders related diseases.
    IMT1
  • HY-144835
    Camibirstat
    		99.06%
    FHD-286 is a selective, oral inhibitor of SMARCA4/SMARCA2 ATPase (BRG1 and BRM) inhibitor. FHD-286 has the potential for the research of BAF (BRG1/BRM-associated factor)-related disorders such as acute myeloid leukemia.
    Camibirstat
  • HY-110284
    BAM 15
    		99.82%
    BAM 15 is a mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler. BAM 15 is an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) uncoupler.
    BAM 15
  • HY-112037A
    IACS-010759 hydrochloride
    		99.66%
    IACS-010759 hydrochlorideis an orally active, potent mitochondrial complex I of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. IACS-010759 hydrochlorideinhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in models of brain cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reliant on OXPHOS. IACS-010759 hydrochloride has the potential for relapsed/refractory AML and solid tumors research.
    IACS-010759 hydrochloride
  • HY-111651
    Gboxin
    		98.23%
    Gboxin is an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor that targets glioblastoma. Gboxin inhibits the activity of F0F1 ATP synthase. Antitumour activity.
    Gboxin
  • HY-N0220
    Dauricine
    		99.75%
    Dauricine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid in Menispermum dauricum, possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Dauricine inhibits cell proliferation and invasion, and induces apoptosis by suppressing NF-κB activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner in colon cancer.
    Dauricine
  • HY-12406
    VLX600
    		99.80%
    VLX600 is an iron-chelating inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). VLX600 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and induces a strong shift to glycolysis. VLX600 displays selective cytotoxic activity against malignant cell and induces autophagy. Anticancer activity.
    VLX600
  • HY-111536
    Mitochonic acid 5
    		99.60%
    Mitochonic acid 5 binds mitochondria and ameliorates renal tubular and cardiac myocyte damage. Mitochonic acid 5 modulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
    Mitochonic acid 5
  • HY-136093A
    Lixumistat acetate
    		99.88%
    Lixumistat (IM156; HL156A; HL271) acetate, a chemical derivative of Metformin (HY-B0627), is a potent and orally active AMPK activator that increases AMPK phosphorylation. Lixumistat (acetate) attenuates aging-associated cognitive impairment in animal model. Lixumistat (acetate) is a potent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor which can be used for the research of solid tumors.
    Lixumistat acetate
  • HY-110282
    S3QEL-2
    		99.62%
    S3QEL-2, a suppressor of superoxide production from mitochondrial complex III, potently and selectively suppresses site IIIQo superoxide production (IC50=1.7 μM). S3QEL-2 does not affect oxidative phosphorylation, and normal electron flux. S3QEL-2 inhibits HIF-1α accumulation.
    S3QEL-2
  • HY-134832
    Mito-LND
    Mito-LND (Mito-Lonidamine) is an orally active and mitochondria-targeted inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mito-LND inhibits mitochondrial bioenergetics, stimulates the formation of reactive oxygen species, and induces autophagic cell death in lung cancer cells.
    Mito-LND