2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. TNF Receptor

TNF Receptor

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor; TNFR

TNF Receptor

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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major mediator of apoptosis as well as inflammation and immunity, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of human diseases, including sepsis, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

TNF-α is a 17-kDa protein consisting of 157 amino acids that is a homotrimer in solution. In humans, the gene is mapped to chromosome 6. Its bioactivity is mainly regulated by soluble TNF-α–binding receptors. TNF-α is mainly produced by activated macrophages, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. Lower expression is known for a variety of other cells, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and tumor cells. In cells, TNF-α is synthesized as pro-TNF (26 kDa), which is membrane-bound and is released upon cleavage of its pro domain by TNF-converting enzyme (TACE).

Many of the TNF-induced cellular responses are mediated by either one of the two TNF receptors, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, both of which belong to the TNF receptor super-family. In response to TNF treatment, the transcription factor NF-κB and MAP kinases, including ERK, p38 and JNK, are activated in most types of cells and, in some cases, apoptosis or necrosis could also be induced. However, induction of apoptosis or necrosis is mainly achieved through TNFR1, which is also known as a death receptor. Activation of the NF-κB and MAPKs plays an important role in the induction of many cytokines and immune-regulatory proteins and is pivotal for many inflammatory responses.

TNF Receptor Isoform Specific Products:

TNF Receptor Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B1201R
    Tiratricol (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Tiratricol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tiratricol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tiratricol is an orally available thyroid hormone analog that inhibits pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion. Tiratricol is an intracellular toxin neutralizer that inhibits LPS and lipid A cytotoxicity with IC50s of 20 μM and 32 μM, respectively. Tiratricol reduces TNF production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Tiratricol also has antiviral activity and is an inhibitor of yellow fever virus (Flavivirus). It can bind to the RdRp domain of the viral NS5 protein to hinder YFV replication..
    Tiratricol (Standard)
  • HY-N15378
    β-Carotene-15,15'-epoxide
    		Inhibitor
    β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide is a XIAP antagonist with apoptosis-inducing and antitumor activity, found in the leaves of Spondias mombin. In a DMBA (HY-W011845)-induced rat model of breast cancer, β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide binds to the BIR3 domain of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP, blocking its interaction with caspase-9 and thereby promoting tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide significantly downregulates the expression of BCL-2, COX-2, and TNF-α in tumor tissues, reduces MDA levels, increases catalase activity, and modulates serum levels of LDH, ALP, and ALT, demonstrating strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic protective effects. β-carotene-15,15ʹ-epoxide may be used in research on inflammation-related conditions and cancers such as breast cancer.
    β-Carotene-15,15'-epoxide
  • HY-N2119R
    Sciadopitysin (Standard)
    Sciadopitysin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sciadopitysin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sciadopitysin is a type of biflavonoids in leaves from ginkgo biloba. Sciadopitysi inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1.
    Sciadopitysin (Standard)
  • HY-P991400
    GSK1995057
    		Antagonist
    GSK1995057 is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting TNFRSF1A. GSK1995057 attenuates pulmonary neutrophilia, inflammatory cytokine release and signs of endothelial injury in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum samples. GSK1995057 can be used in Acute lung injury and Adult respiratory distress syndrome research. Recommended isotype control: dAb (VHH-His).
    GSK1995057
  • HY-101170R
    BU224 hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    BU224 (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of BU224 (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. BU224 hydrochloride is a selective and high affinity imidazoline I2 receptor ligand, with a Ki of 2.1 nM. BU224 hydrochloride is sometimes used as an I2 receptor antagonist. BU224 hydrochloride exerts neuroprotective effects, with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. BU224 hydrochloride improves memory in 5XFAD mice, enlarging dendritic spines and reducing Aβ-induced changes in NMDARs. BU224 hydrochloride can be used for Alzheimer's disease research.
    BU224 hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-110343
    DBM 1285 dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    DBM 1285 dihydrochloride is an orally active TNF-α production inhibitor with anti-inflammatory effects. DBM 1285 dihydrochloride inhibits Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α secretion in various cells of macrophage/monocyte lineage.
    DBM 1285 dihydrochloride
  • HY-12085R
    Apremilast (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Apremilast (Standard) is the analytical standard of Apremilast. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Apremilast (CC-10004) is an orally available inhibitor of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) with an IC50 of 74 nM. Apremilast inhibits TNF-α release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an IC50 of 104 nM.
    Apremilast (Standard)
  • HY-P990240
    Anti-Mouse GITR (LALA-PG) Antibody (DTA-1)
    		Agonist
    Anti-Mouse GITR (LALA-PG) Antibody (DTA-1) is a mouse-derived IgG2a, κ type agonistic antibody, targeting to mouse GITR. The recommed isotype control of Anti-Mouse GITR (LALA-PG) Antibody (DTA-1) is Mouse IgG2a kappa, Isotype Control (HY-P99978).
    Anti-Mouse GITR (LALA-PG) Antibody (DTA-1)
  • HY-168384
    M04
    		Inducer
    M04 is an agonist of STING. It induces the expression of the IFN reporter gene in HEK293T cells expressing wild-type human STING, but does not induce this expression in HEK293T cells expressing the R71H-G230A-R293Q (HAQ) STING variant or in mouse RAW 264.7 cells, indicating that its activity is dependent on allelic and species variations. M04 induces the production of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-12p70 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). At a concentration of 50 µM, M04 stimulates dendritic cells isolated from PBMCs to express the MHC class II cell surface receptor HLA-DR and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86, and also enhances their ability to activate T cells in an ex vivo assay. M04 can be used in research on inflammatory immune diseases.
    M04
  • HY-165537
    Siphonaxanthin
    		Activator
    Siphonaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid with anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity, which is found in green algae. Siphonaxanthin upregulates the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5), induces cancer cell apoptosis, decreases the expression of Bcl-2, and activates caspase-3. Siphonaxanthin is also an inhibitor of FGFR-1. Siphonaxanthin inhibits the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as the outgrowth of microvessels in the rat aortic ring. Siphonaxanthin is promising for research of diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.
    Siphonaxanthin
  • HY-B0679S
    Lubiprostone-d7
    		Antagonist
    Lubiprostone-d7 (RU-0211-d7) is the deuterium labeled Lubiprostone. Lubiprostone (SPI-0211) increases intestinal fluid secretion through generation of CIC-2/CFTR and activation of cAMP signaling pathway. Lubiprostone inhibits myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, downregulates Indomethacin (HY-14397)-induced iNOS and TNFα expression. Lubiprostone can be used for chronic constipation research.
    Lubiprostone-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-118734
    IK-862
    		Inhibitor
    IK-862 is a selective inhibitor of TACE.
    IK-862
  • HY-119307R
    Apratastat (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Apratastat (Standard) is the analytical standard of Apratastat. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Apratastat (TMI-005) is an orally active, non-selective and reversible TACE/MMPs inhibitor, can inhibit inhibit the release of TNF-α. Apratastat has the potential to overcome radiotherapy-resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Apratastat is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Apratastat (Standard)
  • HY-N0029R
    Forsythoside B (Standard)
    Forsythoside B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Forsythoside B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Forsythoside B is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, a Chinese folk medicinal plant for treating inflammatory diseases and promoting blood circulation. Forsythoside B could inhibit TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and modulate NF-κB.
    Forsythoside B (Standard)
  • HY-172458
    Z-3578
    		Inhibitor
    Z-3578 is a small-molecule antagonist targeting MrgX2 (Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2) with significant anti-pseudoallergic activity and a KD value of 729 nM. Z-3578 effectively inhibits mast cell degranulation induced by substance P (SP) and C48/80, suppressing the release of β-hexosaminidase with IC50 values of 4.90 µM and 6.18 µM, respectively. It also markedly reduces the release of histamine and TNF-α, along with intracellular calcium flux. In a murine pseudoallergy model, Z-3578 significantly alleviates paw swelling and dye extravasation and lowers serum histamine levels, indicating potent in vivo anti-allergic effects. Z-3578 holds promise as a lead compound for the treatment of allergic diseases, especially pseudoallergic reactions.
    Z-3578
  • HY-P991223
    NC762
    NC762 is a humanized IgG1κ monoclonal antibody that targets human B7-H4 (B7 homolog 4). NC762 has enhanced binding to CD16a (FcγRIIIa) after being Fc engineered with three point mutations (S239D/A330L/I332E; DLE) and demonstrate increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. NC762 inhibits tumor growth in vivo through binding to tumor-expressing B7-H4. NC762 can be studies in research on cancer such as advanced or metastatic solid tumors.
    NC762
  • HY-102040R
    Hispidol (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Hispidol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hispidol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hispidol ((Z)-Hispidol) is a potential therapeutic for inflammatory bowel disease; inhibits TNF-α induced adhesion of monocytes to colon epithelial cells with an IC50 of 0.50 μM.
    Hispidol (Standard)
  • HY-176466
    ST-899
    		Inhibitor
    ST-899 is a novel platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist. ST-899 can significantly reduce the mortality of mice with endotoxin (LPS)-induced shock. ST-899 can significantly inhibit the increase in serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels induced by LPS, but has no effect on interleukin-6 (IL-6). The regulatory mechanism of ST-899 is to block the positive feedback loop between PAF and TNF, thereby reducing the inflammatory response. ST-899 can be used to study inflammatory diseases such as septic shock.
    ST-899
  • HY-N0547R
    Nomilin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Nomilin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nomilin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nomilin is a limonoid compound obtained from the extracts of citrus fruits. Nomilin is an anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic agent .
    Nomilin (Standard)
  • HY-168770
    Cl-Necrostatin-1
    		Inhibitor
    Cl-Necrostatin-1 is a RIPK1 inhibitor. Cl-Necrostatin-1 can also inhibit TNF-α-induced necroptosis in Jurkat cells deficient in Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD; EC50 = 180 nM), a modification that prevents caspase activation in response to death-domain receptor signaling. Cl-Necrostatin-1 can also reduce infarct size in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Cl-Necrostatin-1 is used for research in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
    Cl-Necrostatin-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download TNF Receptor Signaling Pathway Map.

Following the binding of TNF to TNF receptors, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I; TNFR2 binds to TRAF1/2 directly to recruit cIAP1/2. Both cIAP1 and cIAP2 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that add K63 linked polyubiquitin chains to RIPK1 and other components of the signaling complex. The ubiquitin ligase activity of the cIAPs is needed to recruit the LUBAC, which adds M1 linked linear polyubiquitin chains to RIPK1. K63 polyubiquitylated RIPK1 recruits TAB2, TAB3 and TAK1, which activate signaling mediated by JNK and p38, as well as the IκB kinase complex. The IKK complex then activates NF-κB signaling, which leads to the transcription of anti-apoptotic factors-such as FLIP and Bcl-XL-that promote cell survival. 

 

The formation of TNFR1 complex IIa and complex IIb depends on non-ubiquitylated RIPK1. For the formation of complex IIa, ubiquitylated RIPK1 in complex I is deubiquitylated by CYLD. This deubiquitylated RIPK1 dissociates from the membrane-bound complex and moves into the cytosol, where it interacts with TRADD, FADD, Pro-caspase 8 and FLIPL to form complex IIa. By contrast, complex IIb is formed when the RIPK1 in complex I is not ubiquitylated owing to conditions that have resulted in the depletion of cIAPs, which normally ubiquitylate RIPK1. This non-ubiquitylated RIPK1 dissociates from complex I, moves into the cytosol, and assembles with FADD, Pro-caspase 8, FLIPL and RIPK3 (but not TRADD) to form complex IIb. For either complex IIa or complex IIb to prevent necroptosis, both RIPK1 and RIPK3 must be inactivated by the cleavage activity of the Pro-caspase 8-FLIPL heterodimer or fully activated caspase 8. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer generates active Caspase 8, which is released from complex IIa and complex IIb. This active Caspase 8 then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis. 

 

Formation of the complex IIc (necrosome) is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs, similar to complex IIa and complex IIb formation. RIPK1 recruits numerous RIPK3 molecules. They come together to form amyloid microfilaments called necrosomes. Activated RIPK3 phosphorylates and recruits MLKL, eventually leading to the formation of a supramolecular protein complex at the plasma membrane and necroptosis [1][2].

 

Reference:
[1]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die.Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74. 
[2]. Conrad M, et al. Regulated necrosis: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016 May;15(5):348-66. 
 

TNF Receptor Isoform Comparison

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