2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

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The p53 tumor suppressor is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Under stress conditions, the p53 protein accumulates in the cell, binds in its tetrameric form to p53-response elements and induces the transcription of various genes.

MDM-2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and MDM-2, in turn, inhibits p53 activity in several ways. MDM-2 binds to the p53 transactivation domain and thereby inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. MDM-2 also contains a signal sequence that is similar to the nuclear export signal of various viral proteins and, after binding to p53, it induces its nuclear export. As p53 is a transcription factor, it needs to be in the nucleus to be able to access the DNA; its transport to the cytoplasm by MDM-2 prevents this. Finally, MDM-2 is a ubiquitin ligase, so is able to target p53 for degradation by the proteasome.

In many tumors p53 is inactivated by the overexpression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 or by the loss of activity of the MDM2 inhibitor ARF. The pathway can be reactivated in these tumors by small molecules that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and/or MDM4 with p53. Such molecules are now in clinical trials.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-160449
    p53 Activator 10
    		Activator
    p53 Activator 10 (Example C-2) is a compound that targets the y220c mutant of p53. p53 Activator 10 activation is involved in the downstream effects of tumor suppression.
    p53 Activator 10
  • HY-149988
    UNP-6457
    		Inhibitor
    UNP-6457 is a potent active MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitor with an IC50 values of 8.9 nM.
    UNP-6457
  • HY-N2037AS
    Higenamine-d4 hydrochloride
    		Activator
    Higenamine-d4 (Norcoclaurine-d4; Demethyl-Coclaurine-d4) hydrochloride is deuterium-labeled Higenamine (hydrochloride) (HY-N2037A).
    Higenamine-d<sub>4</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-151171
    MDM2/4-p53-IN-3
    		Inhibitor
    MDM2/4-p53-IN-3 is a MDM2/4-p53 protein-protein interactions (PPIs) inhibitor (IC50s: 18.5 nM for MDM2-p53, 14.8 nM for MDM4-p53). MDM2/4-p53-IN-3 can be used in the research of cancers, such as colon cancer.
    MDM2/4-p53-IN-3
  • HY-149024
    VEGFR-2-IN-23
    		p53 Activator
    VEGFR-2-IN-23 (compound 11b) is a potent and selective VEGFR-2 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.34 nM. VEGFR-2-IN-23 shows antitumor activity. VEGFR-2-IN-23 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase.
    VEGFR-2-IN-23
  • HY-B0860R
    Diuron (Standard)
    		Activator
    Diuron (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diuron (HY-B0860). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diuron is an orally active phenylurea herbicide. Diuron inhibits photosynthesis in plants by blocking the formation of ATP and NADH. Diuron increases the production of ROS. Diuron increases expression of p53 in certain cell lines. Diuron has herbicidal activity against annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and grass weeds. Diuron promotes DMBA/BBN-induced bladder cancer. Diuron can be used in breast cancer research.
    Diuron (Standard)
  • HY-171272
    PRDX1-IN-3
    		Activator 99.52%
    PRDX1-IN-3 (compound 19-048) is a PRDX1 covalent inhibitor with anti-colorectal cancer activity. PRDX1-IN-3 can effectively inhibit the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells, and its antitumor effect on nude mice with colorectal cancer carrying PRDX1 gene knockout is significantly reduced. PRDX1-IN-3 also upregulates the downstream genes of the p53 signaling pathway to exert an anticancer effect.
    PRDX1-IN-3
  • HY-175785
    X15695
    		Agonist
    X15695 is selective and orally active estrogen receptor (ERα) degrader. X15695 is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand. X15695 enables AHR to form a complex with the ERα, promoting its proteasomal degradation. X15695 inhibits the breast cancer cells proliferation, promotes cell cycle block and induces apoptosis. X15695 can be used for the study of breast cancer.
    X15695
  • HY-163275
    MDM2-IN-24
    		Inhibitor
    MDM2-IN-24 (compound A3f) exhibits MDM2-inhibiting and MDMX-activating properties in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, with apoptotic and anti-proliferative activities.
    MDM2-IN-24
  • HY-108640
    HLI373
    		MDM2 Inhibitor
    HLI373 is an efficacious Hdm2 inhibitor. HLI373 inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of Hdm2. HLI373 is effective in inducing apoptosis of several tumor cells that are sensitive to DNA-damaging agents. Antimalarial activity.
    HLI373
  • HY-150620
    BI-0282
    		Inhibitor
    BI-0282 (Compound 1) is a potent MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitor.
    BI-0282
  • HY-158210
    Wnt/β-catenin-IN-3
    		Inducer
    Wnt/β-catenin-IN-3 (compound 17) is a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor with low micromolarGI50s against various cancer cells. Wnt/β-catenin-IN-3triggers G2/M cell cycle arrest though activation of p53-p21 pathway as well as intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic death of colon cancer cells.
    Wnt/β-catenin-IN-3
  • HY-N15314
    Syringolin A
    		p53 Activator
    Syringolin A is a plant elicitor that can be produced by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Syringolin A exhibits anti-proliferative activity against a variety of cancer cells (IC50 for SK-N-SH, LAN-1, SKOV3 is 20-25 µM), induces apoptosis in SK-N-SH through upregulation of p53 expression and downregulation of Akt/PKB proteins.
    Syringolin A
  • HY-175538
    USP10-IN-4
    		Inhibitor
    USP10-IN-4 is a potent ubiquitin-specific protease 10 (USP10) inhibitor with an IC50 of 10.87 μM and a Kd of 365 nM. USP10-IN-4 effectively inhibits USP10-mediated proteasomal degradation of downstream proteins YAP and p53, leading to the subsequent downregulation of CDK4 in the p53 signaling pathway. USP10-IN-4 promotes apoptosis in HCC cells and inhibits the onset and progression of liver cancer. USP10-IN-4 can used for the study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
    USP10-IN-4
  • HY-170591
    p53 Activator 14
    		p53 Activator
    p53 Activator 14 (Compound 7A) is a derivative of Neratinib (HY-32721), that induces DNA damage, activates p53, and inhibits the proliferation of multi cancer cells (IC50=7.21 μM for HCT116 cell). p53 Activator 14 inhibits the adhesion, migration and invasion of HCT116, arrests the cell cycle, and induces apoptosis. p53 Activator 14 inhibits angiogenesis and exhibits antitumor efficacy in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model.
    p53 Activator 14
  • HY-125660
    Leucettamol A
    		Activator
    Leucettamol A is an inhibitor of Ubc13 (ubiquitin E2 enzyme)-Uev1A interaction, with an IC50 of 50 μg/mL. Leucettamol A can potentially activate the expression of cancer suppressor p53 and is a precursor of anticancer agents. Leucettamol A can be isolated from a marine sponge, Leucetta aff. Microrhaphis.
    Leucettamol A
  • HY-118912
    BMH-9
    		Activator
    BMH-9 (Compound Z54) is a modulator for nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 6 (NR2F6) (also known as nuclear orphan receptor Ear2). BMH-9 is an activator for p53 signaling pathway through interaction with DNA. BMH-9 inhibits proliferation of human cancer cells, exhibits antitumor efficacy in NOD-SCID mouse models.
    BMH-9
  • HY-175019
    VEGFR-2-IN-70
    		Agonist
    VEGFR-2-IN-70 is a potent VEGFR-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 18.04 nM. VEGFR-2-IN-70 exhibits cytotoxicity against A549 and MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 values of 0.43 μM and 3.8 μM, respectively. VEGFR-2-IN-70 induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells. VEGFR-2-IN-70 is useful in cancer research.
    VEGFR-2-IN-70
  • HY-144104
    NSC90616
    		Activator
    NSC90616 is a mutant p53 rescue compound.
    NSC90616
  • HY-W287494
    Antitumor agent-202
    		Modulator
    Antitumor agent-202 is a stabilizer of the p53 Y220C mutant. It exhibits a selective inhibitory effect on the proliferation of tumor cells carrying the p53 Y220C mutation and can be applied to the research of cancers associated with the p53 Y220C mutation.
    Antitumor agent-202
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download MDM-2/p53 Signaling Pathway Map.

p53 is at the centre of biological interactions that translates stress signals into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Upstream signaling to p53 increases its level and activates its function as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of stresses, whereas downstream components execute the appropriate cellular response. 

 

Cell Stress: p53 induction by acute DNA damage begins when DNA double-strand breaks trigger activation of ATM, a kinase that phosphorylates the CHK2 kinase, or when stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks recruit ATR, which phosphorylates CHK1. p53 is a substrate for both the ATM and ATR kinases, as well as for CHK1 and CHK2, which coordinately phosphorylate p53 to promote its stabilization. These phosphorylation events are important for p53 stabilization, as some of the modifications disrupt the interaction between p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 and MDM4 bind to the transcriptional activation domains of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 transactivation function, and MDM2 has additional activity as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that causes proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Phosphorylation also allows the interaction of p53 with transcriptional cofactors, which is ultimately important for activation of target genes and for responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl can also be activated by DNA damage. Then the JNK/p38 is activated and leads to p53 activation[1][2]. 

 

Oncogenic signaling: The response to oncogene activation depends on the binding of ARF to MDM2. ARF is normally expressed at low levels in cells. Inappropriately increased E2F or Myc signals, stemming from oncogene activation, leads to the increased expression of ARF, which inhibits MDM2 by blocking its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, thereby segregating it from nucleoplasmic p53[3].

 

The PI3K-Akt pathway activates MDM2 and increases the ubiquitination of p53. 

 

Reference:
[1]. Chène P, et al. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction: an important target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):102-9.
[2]. Brown CJ, et al. Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):862-73. 
[3]. Polager S, et al. p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):738-48. doi: 10.1038/nrc2718.