2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
  4. COX

COX

Cyclooxygenase

COX

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Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. Drugs, like Aspirin, that inhibit cyclooxygenase activity have been available to the public for about 100 years. Two cyclooxygenase isoforms have been identified and are referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. Under many circumstances the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (i.e., gastric mucosa) whereas COX-2 is inducible (i.e., sites of inflammation). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their effects through inhibition of COX. The main COX inhibitors are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

COX Isoform Specific Products:

COX Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0043R
    Ginsenoside Rd (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Ginsenoside Rd (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside Rd. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Ginsenoside Rd also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC50s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively.
    Ginsenoside Rd (Standard)
  • HY-157127
    Ketoprofen L-thyroxine ester
    		Inhibitor
    Ketoprofen L-thyroxine ester is a prodrug of Ketoprofen. Ketoprofen L-thyroxine ester reservoir and release ketoprofen slowly in the brain.
    Ketoprofen L-thyroxine ester
  • HY-147811
    Heterophdoid A
    		Inhibitor
    Heterophdoid A (Compound 1) is an anti-inflammatory agent. Heterophdoid A inhibits NO production with an IC50 of 5.93 μM in BV-2 cells.
    Heterophdoid A
  • HY-172402
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide
    		Activator
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide is an agonist of VPAC1/VPAC2 receptor (G-protein-coupled receptors). Vasoactive intestinal peptide reduces corneal perforation rate, bacterial load, and excessive neutrophil infiltration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis models. Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhances anti-inflammatory mediators like IL-10 and TGF-β, inhibites pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and TNF-α, and upregulates lipid mediator-related enzymes (SOCS3, COX-2, ALOX12) to promote inflammation resolution. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is promising for research of ocular infectious diseases.
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • HY-161994
    COX-2-IN-47
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2-IN-47 (compound 6c ) is a selective COX-2 inhibitor with IC50 value of 0.03 μM. COX-2-IN-47 has antiedema activity.
    COX-2-IN-47
  • HY-121996
    Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide
    Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide (PGE2-EA), an analog of PGE2, can be formed enzymatically following COX-2 oxygenation of endocannabinoids. Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide (PGE2-EA) could modulate the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in human blood and human monocytic cells.
    Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide
  • HY-N1380S
    Guaiacol-d7
    Guaiacol-d7 is the deuterium labeled Guaiacol. Guaiacol, a phenolic compound, inhibits LPS-stimulated COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation. Anti-inflammatory activity.
    Guaiacol-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-N0147R
    Rutaecarpine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Rutaecarpine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rutaecarpine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rutaecarpine, an alkaloid of Evodia rutaecarpa, is an inhibitor of COX-2 with an IC50 value of 0.28 μM.
    Rutaecarpine (Standard)
  • HY-161513
    iNOS/COX-2-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    iNOS/COX-2-IN-1 (Compound 12e) is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). iNOS/COX-2-IN-1 inhibits the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways and thus exerts anti-inflammatory effects.
    iNOS/COX-2-IN-1
  • HY-N13040
    Isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside
    		Inhibitor
    Isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside is a flavonoid compound found in barley leaves. The total phenolic content (TPC) of isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside is positively correlated with COX-2 inhibitory activity, indicating anti-inflammatory activity. Isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside can be used in the study of inflammation.
    Isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside
  • HY-W741411
    Tenoxicam-d4
    Tenoxicam-d4 (Ro-12-0068-d4) is the deuterium labeled Tenoxicam (HY-B0440). Tenoxicam (Ro-12-0068), an antiinflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties.
    Tenoxicam-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-115966
    COX-1/2-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    COX-1/2-IN-2 is a potent COX1/2 inhibitor. COX-1/2-IN-2 exhibits significant inhibitory effect against COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 13.9 ± 3.21 µM and 6.4±0.74 µM, respectively.
    COX-1/2-IN-1
  • HY-159562
    COX-2-IN-46
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2-IN-46 (compound 5m) is an anti-inflammatory agent with potent analgesic activity. COX-2-IN-46 exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on COX-2 (IC50=87.74 nM).
    COX-2-IN-46
  • HY-149270
    COX-2-IN-31
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2-IN-31 (compound 7b) is an orally active and dual inhibitor of COX-2 (IC50=60 nM) and 5-LOX (IC50=1.9 μM). COX-2-IN-31 also inhibits transmembrane hCA IX(Ki=48.9 nM) and hCA XII(Ki=5.8 nM) activity. COX-2-IN-31 exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.
    COX-2-IN-31
  • HY-W777079
    Valdecoxib-13C2,15N
    Valdecoxib-13C2,15N (SC 65872-13C2,15N) is the 13C- and 15N-labeled Valdecoxib (HY-15762). Valdecoxib is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of COX-2, with IC50s of 5 nM and 140 μM for COX-2 and COX-1, respeceively. Valdecoxib can be used in the research of arthritis and pain.
    Valdecoxib-13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,15</sup>N<sub>
  • HY-115976
    COX-2-IN-10
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2-IN-10 is a potent COX-2 inhibitor. COX-2-IN-10 inhibits the production of PGE2 in concentration dependent manner (IC50=2.54 µM). COX-2-IN-10 inhibits the expression of iNOS and COX-2 on mRNA and protein level . COX-2-IN-10 inhibits the production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β.
    COX-2-IN-10
  • HY-18763S
    Indobufen-d5
    		Inhibitor
    Indobufen-d5 is deuterium labeled Indobufen. Indobufen is a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Indobufen is a reversible platelet cyclooxygenase (Cox) activity inhibitor. Indobufen suppresses thromboxane A2 (TxA2) synthesis. Indobufen down-regulates tissue factor (TF) in monocytes.
    Indobufen-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N0908R
    Ginsenoside Rg5 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Ginsenoside Rg5 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside Rg5. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside Rg5 is the main component of Red ginseng and IGF-1R agonist. Ginsenoside Rg5 compets for the binding site of IGF-1R and blocks the binding of IGF-1 to IGF-1R (IC50 about 90 nM). Ginsenoside Rg5 also inhibits the mRNA expression of COX-2 via suppression of the DNA binding activities of NF-κB p65.
    Ginsenoside Rg5 (Standard)
  • HY-14398S1
    Celecoxib-d3
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Celecoxib-d3 is the deuterium labeled Celecoxib. Celecoxib,a selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is a selective COX-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 40 nM.
    Celecoxib-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0578AR
    Loxoprofen sodium (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Loxoprofen (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Loxoprofen (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Loxoprofen sodium is a non-steroidal, orally active anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. Loxoprofen sodium is a nonselective COX inhibitor with IC50s of 6.5 and 13.5 μM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Loxoprofen sodium can reduce atherosclerosis and shows antitumor activity.
    Loxoprofen sodium (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
COX Isoform Comparison

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