2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0239
    Chloramphenicol
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Chloramphenicol is an orally active, potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic. Chloramphenicol shows antibacterial activity. Chloramphenicol represses the oxygen-labile transcription factor and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in hypoxic A549 and H1299 cells. Chloramphenicol suppresses the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1, eventually decreasing VEGF release. Chloramphenicol can be used for anaerobic infections and lung cancer research.
    Chloramphenicol
  • HY-10585A
    Valproic acid sodium
    		Inducer 99.65%
    Valproic acid (Sodium Valproate) sodium is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid sodium activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches.
    Valproic acid sodium
  • HY-50108
    GW 4064
    		99.61%
    GW 4064 is a potent FXR agonist with an EC50 of 65 nM.
    GW 4064
  • HY-13328
    Sapanisertib
    		Inducer 99.78%
    Sapanisertib (INK-128; MLN0128; TAK-228) is an orally available, ATP-dependent mTOR1/2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 1 nM for mTOR kinase.
    Sapanisertib
  • HY-15108
    Purmorphamine
    		Inhibitor 99.9%
    Purmorphamine is a smoothened/Smo receptor agonist with an EC50 of 1 μM.
    Purmorphamine
  • HY-12000
    AG490
    		Inducer 99.86%
    AG490 (Tyrphostin AG490) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits EGFR, Stat-3 and JAK2/3.
    AG490
  • HY-100202
    TPEN
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    TPEN (TPEDA) is a specific cell-permeable heavy metal chelator. TPEN has a higher affinity for Zn2+, but a lower affinity for Mg2+ and Ca2+. TPEN induces DNA damage and increases intracellular ROS production. TPEN also inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
    TPEN
  • HY-10234
    Saracatinib
    		Inducer 99.28%
    Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a potent Src family inhibitor with IC50s of 2.7 to 11 nM for c-Src, Lck, c-YES, Lyn, Fyn, Fgr, and Blk. Saracatinib shows high selectivity over other tyrosine kinases.
    Saracatinib
  • HY-17538
    ZLN005
    		99.92%
    ZLN005 is a potent activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α).
    ZLN005
  • HY-10005
    Flavopiridol
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) is a broad spectrum and competitive inhibitor of CDKs, inhibiting CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 with IC50s of 30, 170, 100 nM, respectively.
    Flavopiridol
  • HY-N0148
    Rutin
    		Inducer 98.09%
    Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin is also a CBR1 inhibitor, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
    Rutin
  • HY-Y1269
    Ammonium chloride, AR, 99.5%
    		Inhibitor 99.69%
    Ammonium chloride, as a heteropolar compound with pH value regulation, can cause intracellular alkalization and metabolic acidosis thus effecting enzymatic activity and influencing the process of biological system. Ammonium chloride is an autophagy inhibitor. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride, AR, 99.5%
  • HY-16562A
    Irinotecan hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Irinotecan hydrochloride ((+)-Irinotecan hydrochloride) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor mainly used to treat colon cancer and rectal cancer.
    Irinotecan hydrochloride
  • HY-17504
    Rosuvastatin Calcium
    		Inducer 99.77%
    Rosuvastatin Calcium is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 11 nM. Rosuvastatin Calcium potently blocks hERG current with an IC50 of 195 nM. Rosuvastatin Calcium reduces the expression of the mature hERG and the interaction of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) with the hERG protein. Rosuvastatin Calcium effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein levels.
    Rosuvastatin Calcium
  • HY-13777
    Zoledronic Acid
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Zoledronic Acid (Zoledronate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic Acid inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic Acid also has anti-cancer effects.
    Zoledronic Acid
  • HY-N0003
    Honokiol
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier.
    Honokiol
  • HY-15310
    Ivermectin
    		Inducer 98.28%
    Ivermectin (MK-933) is a broad-spectrum anti-parasite agent. Ivermectin (MK-933) is a specific inhibitor of Impα/β1-mediated nuclear import and has potent antiviral activity towards both HIV-1 and dengue virus. It is a positive allosteric effector of P2X4 and the α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs). Ivermectin also inhibits bovine herpesvirus1 (BoHV-1) replication and inhibits BoHV-1 DNA polymerase nuclear import. Ivermectin is a candidate therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
    Ivermectin
  • HY-B0284
    Nifedipine
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Nifedipine (BAY-a-1040) is a potent calcium channel blocker and agent of choice for cardiac insufficiencies.
    Nifedipine
  • HY-15282
    E-64
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    E-64 (Proteinase inhibitor E 64) is a potent irreversible inhibitor against general cysteine proteases with IC50 of 9 nM for papain.
    E-64
  • HY-101491
    SR-18292
    		99.87%
    SR-18292 is a PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) inhibitor, which increases PGC-1α acetylation, suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression and reduces glucose production in hepatocytes.
    SR-18292
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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