2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0003
    Gemcitabine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (LY 188011 Hydrochloride) is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog antimetabolite and an antineoplastic agent. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride inhibits DNA synthesis and repair, resulting in autophagyand apoptosis.
    Gemcitabine hydrochloride
  • HY-N1201
    Apigenin
    		Inducer 99.22%
    Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM.
    Apigenin
  • HY-12702
    10058-F4
    		99.90%
    10058-F4 is a c-Myc inhibitor that prevents c-Myc-Max dimerization and transactivation of c-Myc target gene expression.
    10058-F4
  • HY-14655
    Sulfasalazine
    		Inducer 99.04%
    Sulfasalazine (NSC 667219) is an anti-rheumatic agent for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine can suppress NF-κB activity. Sulfasalazine is a type 1 ferroptosis inducer.
    Sulfasalazine
  • HY-10159
    Nilotinib
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Nilotinib is an orally available Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.
    Nilotinib
  • HY-12047
    Ponatinib
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Ponatinib (AP24534) is an orally active multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 0.37 nM, 1.1 nM, 1.5 nM, 2.2 nM, and 5.4 nM for Abl, PDGFRα, VEGFR2, FGFR1, and Src, respectively.
    Ponatinib
  • HY-17356
    Fenofibrate
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Fenofibrate is a selective PPARα agonist with an EC50 of 30 μM. Fenofibrate also inhibits human cytochrome P450 isoforms, with IC50s of 0.2, 0.7, 9.7, 4.8 and 142.1 μM for CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4, respectively.
    Fenofibrate
  • HY-10941
    VER-155008
    		Inhibitor 99.91%
    VER-155008 is an inhibitor of Hsp70, with IC50s of 0.5 μM, 2.6 μM, and 2.6 μM for Hsp70, Hsc70 and Grp7, respectively, and with a Kd of 0.3 μM for Hsp70.
    VER-155008
  • HY-12273
    DMH-1
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    DMH-1 is a potent and selective BMP inhibitor with IC50s of 27/107.9/<5/47.6 nM for ALK1/ALK2/ALK3/ALK6, respectively.
    DMH-1
  • HY-15465
    KN-93
    		99.42%
    KN-93 is a cell-permeable, reversible and competitive inhibitor calmodulin-dependent kinase type II (CaMKII) with a Ki of 370 nM.
    KN-93
  • HY-B0180
    Imiquimod
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Imiquimod (R 837), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod
  • HY-13062
    Daunorubicin hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Daunorubicin (Daunomycin) hydrochloride is a topoisomerase II inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity. Daunorubicin hydrochloride inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is a cytotoxin that inhibits cancer cell viability and induces apoptosis and necrosis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is also an anthracycline antibiotic. Daunorubicin hydrochloride can be used in the research of infection and variety of cancers, including leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Ewing's sarcoma, Wilms' tumor.
    Daunorubicin hydrochloride
  • HY-18258
    Berberine chloride
    		Modulator 99.92%
    Berberine chloride is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties.
    Berberine chloride
  • HY-12222
    Obeticholic acid
    		≥98.0%
    Obeticholic acid (INT-747) is a potent, selective and orally active FXR agonist with an EC50 of 99 nM. Obeticholic acid has anticholeretic and anti-inflammation effect. Obeticholic acid also induces autophagy.
    Obeticholic acid
  • HY-100489
    TBHQ
    		Inducer 99.89%
    TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is a widely used Nrf2 activator, protects against Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of Nrf2. TBHQ (tert-Butylhydroquinone) is also an ERK activator; rescues Dehydrocorydaline (DHC)-induced cell proliferation inhibitionin melanoma.
    TBHQ
  • HY-P99974
    Nab-Paclitaxel
    		Inducer 99.70%
    Nab-Paclitaxel (Nanoparticle albumin-bound Paclitaxel) is an albumin-bound nanoparticle formulation of Paclitaxel (HY-B0015). Nab-Paclitaxel is composed of albumin and the active pharmaceutical ingredient Paclitaxel, in which human albumin is used as an excipient to disperse and stabilize particles and carry the main drug. Nab-Paclitaxel is a solvent-free taxane with higher response rates and improved tolerability. Nab-Paclitaxel displays less toxicity and greater antitumor activity. Nab-Paclitaxel is more readily available for tumor cell uptake in three rhabdomyosarcoma, seven neuroblastoma cell lines, and one ostersarcoma cell line Nab-Paclitaxel can be studied in cancer research for example breast cancer and solid tumors. (The product specifications below only indicate the effective content of Paditaxel, the actual albumin quality depends on the batch; the ratio of each ingredient in this product is Paditaxel: albumin -1:7~1:11).
    Nab-Paclitaxel
  • HY-B1081
    Oxidopamine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Oxidopamine (6-OHDA) hydrochloride is an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Oxidopamine hydrochloride is a widely used neurotoxin and selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons. Oxidopamine hydrochloride promotes COX-2 activation, leading to PGE2 synthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β secretion. Oxidopamine hydrochloride can be used for the research of Parkinson’s disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
    Oxidopamine hydrochloride
  • HY-N0176
    Dihydroartemisinin
    		Inducer 99.03%
    Dihydroartemisinin is a potent anti-malaria agent.
    Dihydroartemisinin
  • HY-10422
    AZD-8055
    		Inducer 99.60%
    AZD-8055 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.8 nM. AZD-8055 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    AZD-8055
  • HY-15979A
    H-89 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.97%
    H-89 dihydrochloride is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA) with an IC50 of 48 nM and has weak inhibition on PKG, PKC, Casein Kinase.
    H-89 dihydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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