2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-145152
    Biotin-Thalidomide
    		Inducer 99.65%
    Biotin-Thalidomide is a biotin-conjugated Thalidomide (HY-14658) for binding to CRBN. Biotin-Thalidomide can be used to synthesize PROTAC .
    Biotin-Thalidomide
  • HY-103238
    RSVA405
    		Inducer 99.72%
    RSVA405 is a potent, orally active activator of AMPK, with an EC50 of 1 μM. RSVA405 facilitates CaMKKβ-dependent activation of AMPK, inhibits mTOR, and promotes autophagy to increase Aβ degradation. RSVA405 has anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of STAT3 function. RSVA405 can also be used for the research of obesity.
    RSVA405
  • HY-76847A
    Chenodeoxycholic acid sodium
    		98.0%
    Chenodeoxycholic acid sodium is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
    Chenodeoxycholic acid sodium
  • HY-B0172S
    Lithocholic acid-d4
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Lithocholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Lithocholic acid, which is a toxic secondary bile acid.
    Lithocholic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-B0736A
    Sertaconazole nitrate
    		Inducer 99.19%
    Sertaconazole nitrate (FI7056) is a broad-spectrum topical antifungal agent, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity via activation of a p38-COX-2-PGE2 pathway. Sertaconazole nitrate is also a microtubule inhibitor, shows antiproliferative effect, induces apoptosis and autophagy, and can also inhibit the migration of cells.
    Sertaconazole nitrate
  • HY-15158
    SBE13 Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.56%
    SBE13 Hydrochloride is a potent and selective Plk1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 200 pM; SBE13 Hydrochloride poorly inhibits Plk2 (IC50>66 μM) or Plk3 (IC50=875 nM).
    SBE13 Hydrochloride
  • HY-N0433
    Astragaloside II
    		Inhibitor 99.45%
    Astragaloside II is an orally active Cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside. Astragaloside II can be extracted from Astragalus membranaceus. Astragaloside II inhibits Autophagy, decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β), HIF-α, p-p65, p-IκB and increases SOD. Astragaloside II regulates immunity and reduces inflammatory responses. Astragaloside II can be used in the research of diseases such as liver cancer, osteoporosis, immunosuppressive diseases, and ulcerative colitis.
    Astragaloside II
  • HY-W006957
    N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenosine
    		Inducer 99.85%
    N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenosine is a purine nucleoside analog. N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenosine inhibits NF-κB/Smad signaling pathway, exhibits anti-hyperglycemia, antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory and insecticidal activities. N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenosine is orally active.
    N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenosine
  • HY-12845
    UNC2400
    		Activator 99.92%
    UNC2400 is a close analog of UNC1999 with >1,000-fold lower potency than UNC1999 as a negative control for cell-based studies.
    UNC2400
  • HY-B0782R
    Acetazolamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Acetazolamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Acetazolamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX inhibitor with an IC50 of 30 nM for hCA IX. Acetazolamide has diuretic, antihypertensive and anti-gonococcal activities.
    Acetazolamide (Standard)
  • HY-17437
    Mefloquine
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    Mefloquine (Mefloquin), an orally active and potent quinoline antimalarial agent, is an anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Mefloquine is also a K+ channel (KvQT1/minK) antagonist with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Mefloquine can be used for malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer research.
    Mefloquine
  • HY-20180
    Pictilisib dimethanesulfonate
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Pictilisib dimethanesulfonate (GDC-0941 dimethanesulfonate) is a potent inhibitor of PI3Kα/δ with IC50 of 3 nM, with modest selectivity against p110β (11-fold) and p110γ (25-fold).
    Pictilisib dimethanesulfonate
  • HY-12177
    Aliskiren hemifumarate
    		Inducer 99.62%
    Aliskiren (CGP 60536; CGP60536B; SPP 100) hemifumarate is an orally active and selective renin inhibitor, with IC50 of 1.5 nM. Aliskiren hemifumarate can be used for the research of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer cachexia.
    Aliskiren hemifumarate
  • HY-128340
    Autogramin-2
    		Inhibitor 99.20%
    Autogramin-2 potently inhibits autophagy induced by either starvation (IC50=0.27 μM) or mTORC1 inhibition (Rapamycin; IC50=0.14 μM).
    Autogramin-2
  • HY-101923
    LYN-1604
    		Activator 99.47%
    LYN-1604 is a potent UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) activator (EC50=18.94 nM) for the research of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    LYN-1604
  • HY-B2098
    Lucanthone
    		Inhibitor 99.63%
    Lucanthone is an endonuclease inhibitor of Apurinic endonuclease-1 (APE-1).
    Lucanthone
  • HY-B0351S
    Taurine-d4
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Taurine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes.
    Taurine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-141012
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-NHS ester
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-NHS ester is a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-NHS ester
  • HY-N1508
    Ecliptasaponin A
    		Inducer 99.50%
    Ecliptasaponin A is an orally active pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin. Ecliptasaponin A exerts anti-tumor activity by activating ASK1/JNK pathway, inducing apoptosis and autophagy in lung cancer cells. Ecliptasaponin A exerts anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic effects and protects the cardiovascular system by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9. Ecliptasaponin A can enhance SOD activity, reduce MDA levels, and alleviate oxidative stress damage. Ecliptasaponin A exerts chondroprotective effects by inhibiting the expression of MMP13 and regulating inflammatory factors. Ecliptasaponin A improves ovarian function and regulates sex hormones by upregulating the expression of ESR1 receptors.
    Ecliptasaponin A
  • HY-104051
    Monacolin J
    		99.22%
    Monacolin J is an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, and inhibits the activity of HMG-CoA reductase.
    Monacolin J
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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