2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0741A
    Leonurine hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.43%
    Leonurine hydrochloride is an alkaloid isolated from Leonurus artemisia, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory.
    Leonurine hydrochloride
  • HY-N3584
    Paris saponin VII
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Paris saponin VII (Chonglou Saponin VII) is a steroidal saponin isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Trillium tschonoskii. Paris saponin VII-induced apoptosis in K562/ADR cells is associated with Akt/MAPK and the inhibition of P-gp. Paris saponin VII attenuates mitochondrial membrane potential, increases the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, such as Bax and cytochrome c, and decreases the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP-1, and p-Akt. Paris saponin VII induces a robust autophagy in K562/ADR cells and provides a biochemical basis in the treatment of leukemia.
    Paris saponin VII
  • HY-N0706
    Gracillin
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Gracillin is a steroidal saponin that can be extracted from the roots of the plant and has anti-tumor properties. Gracillin can induce cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy.
    Gracillin
  • HY-10448R
    Capsaicin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Capsaicin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Capsaicin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Capsaicin ((E)-Capsaicin), an active component of chili peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist. Capsaicin has pain relief, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection and anti-cancer effects.
    Capsaicin (Standard)
  • HY-19980A
    PRIMA-1
    		Inducer 98.0%
    PRIMA-1 (NSC-281668) is a mutant p53 reactivator, restores the sensitivity of TP53 mutant-type thyroid cancer cells to the histone methylation inhibitor 3-Deazaneplanocin A.
    PRIMA-1
  • HY-B0113A
    Omeprazole sodium
    		Inducer 99.10%
    Omeprazole sodium (H 16868 sodium), a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is available for treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole sodium shows competitive inhibition of CYP2C19 activity with a Ki of 2 to 6 μM. Omeprazole sodium also inhibits growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Omeprazole is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).
    Omeprazole sodium
  • HY-10562A
    Ketanserin tartrate
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Ketanserin (R41468) tartrate is a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Ketanserin tartrate also blocks hERG current (IhERG) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=0.11 μM).
    Ketanserin tartrate
  • HY-107765
    LY2955303
    		99.80%
    LY2955303 is a potent and selective retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) antagonist with a Ki of 1.09 nM.
    LY2955303
  • HY-N0876
    Arenobufagin
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Arenobufagin is a natural bufadienolide that can be extracted from toad venom. Arenobufagin can induce apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Arenobufagin has potent antineoplastic activity against HCC HepG2 cells as well as corresponding multidrug-resistant HepG2/ADM cells. Arenobufagin can inhibit VEGF-mediated angiogenesis through suppression of VEGFR-2 signaling pathway.
    Arenobufagin
  • HY-17507A
    Pantoprazole sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.84%
    Pantoprazole sodium (BY10232 sodium) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole sodium
  • HY-15311
    Avermectin B1
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Avermectin B1 (Abamectin) is a mixture of two similar segments of avermectin. Avermectin B1 is an orally anti-infection agent, which can be used in the research of parasitic worms, insect pests, agriculture and animal husbandry. Avermectin B1 can also induce the production of ROS and induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis and autophagy.
    Avermectin B1
  • HY-N2959
    Brevilin A
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Brevilin A is an orally active STAT3/JAK inhibitor (STAT3 IC50=?10.6 μM). Brevilin A shows anti-tumor activity, anti-proliferative activity to cancer cells, and can induce apoptosis and autophagy.
    Brevilin A
  • HY-N0753
    Eupalinolide B
    		Activator 99.48%
    Eupalinolide B is a germ sesquiterpene. Eupalinolide B can be isolated from Eupatorium lindleyanum. Eupalinolide B induces Apoptosis, elevates ROS, promotes Autophagy. regulates GSK-3β/β-catenin, targets UBE2D3 and TAK1, activates ROS-ER-JNK, inhibits NF-κB and MAPKs. Eupalinolide B has anticancer activity against pancreatic cancer and liver cancer. Eupalinolide B relieves rheumatoid arthritis, acute lung injury, periodontitis, depression.
    Eupalinolide B
  • HY-100256
    Trifarotene
    		99.12%
    Trifarotene (CD5789) is a potent and selective RARγ agonist. Trifarotene (CD5789) shows ～65-fold and ～16-fold selectivitiy for the RARγ (EC50=7.7 nM) over RARα (EC50=500 nM) and RARβ (EC50=125 nM), respectively.
    Trifarotene
  • HY-15145A
    SRT 1720 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.19%
    SRT 1720 dihydrochloride is a selective and orally active activator of SIRT1 with an EC50 of 0.10 μM, and shows less potent activities on SIRT2 and SIRT3.
    SRT 1720 dihydrochloride
  • HY-15300
    Skepinone-L
    		99.79%
    Skepinone-L (CBS3830), a chemical probe, is a selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor.
    Skepinone-L
  • HY-18629
    SU9516
    		Inducer 99.85%
    SU9516 is a potent CDK2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 22 nM, and also shows inhibitory effects on CDK1 and CDK4, with IC50s of 40, 200 nM, respectively.
    SU9516
  • HY-N0417
    Cucurbitacin E
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Cucurbitacin E is a natural compound which from Cucurbitaceae plants. Cucurbitacin E significantly suppresses the activity of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex.
    Cucurbitacin E
  • HY-B0766
    Bicyclol
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Bicyclol (SY801) is an orally active derivative of the traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis, which has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-steatosis, anti-fibrotic and anti-tumor activities. Bicyclol regulates the expression of heat shock proteins and plays an anti-apoptosis role in hepatocytes. Bicyclol reduces the activation of NF-κB and the levels of inflammatory factors in hepatocytes infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) by inhibiting the activation of the ROS-MAPK-NF-κB pathway, and prevents ferroptosis in acute liver injury. Bicyclol can change the expression of Mdr-1, GSH/GST and Bcl-2, increase the intracellular concentration of anticancer drugs, and sensitize drug-resistant cells to anticancer drugs. Bicyclol inhibits the proliferation of human malignant hepatoma cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Bicyclol can be used in the study of chronic hepatitis, acute liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Bicyclol
  • HY-10424
    Milciclib
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Milciclib (PHA-848125) is a potent, ATP-competitive and dual inhibitor of CDK and Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK), with IC50s of 45, 150, 160, 363, 398 nM and 53 nM for cyclin A/CDK2, cyclin H/CDK7, cyclin D1/CDK4, cyclin E/CDK2, cyclin B/CDK1 and TRKA, respectively.
    Milciclib
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.