2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N2181
    Acetylshikonin
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Acetylshikonin is an oral active anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fertility, antibacterial, and neuroprotective agent. Acetylshikonin is a inhibitor of acetylcholinase (AChE) (IC50=34.6 μM) and nonselective cytochrome P450. Acetylshikonin can induce Apoptosis and Autophagy in cancer cells. Acetylshikonin regulates blood glucose, liver fat metabolism, and renal fibrosis, and is used in the study of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy (DN), obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
    Acetylshikonin
  • HY-N0714A
    Berbamine dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Berbamine dihydrochloride is an inhibitor of NF-κB activity with remarkable anti-myeloma efficacy.
    Berbamine dihydrochloride
  • HY-100793
    SR12813
    		99.80%
    SR12813 (GW 485801) is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, with an IC50 value of 0.85 μM. SR12813 is also an efficient agonist of human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). SR12813 can strongly bind to hPXR but not to mouse PXR (mPXR).
    SR12813
  • HY-15145A
    SRT 1720 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.19%
    SRT 1720 dihydrochloride is a selective and orally active activator of SIRT1 with an EC50 of 0.10 μM, and shows less potent activities on SIRT2 and SIRT3.
    SRT 1720 dihydrochloride
  • HY-18299A
    Purvalanol A
    		Inducer 98.30%
    Purvalanol A is a potent CDK inhibitor, which inhibits cdc2-cyclin B, cdk2-cyclin A, cdk2-cyclin E, cdk4-cyclin D1, and cdk5-p35 with IC50s of 4, 70, 35, 850, 75 nM, resepctively.
    Purvalanol A
  • HY-N0780
    Isoalantolactone
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Isoalantolactone is an apoptosis inducer, which also acts as an alkylating agent.
    Isoalantolactone
  • HY-135318
    NBDHEX
    		Inhibitor 98.56%
    NBDHEX is a potent glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) inhibitor. NBDHEX induces apoptosis of tumor cells. NBDHEX acts as an anticancer agent by inhibiting GSTs catalytic activity, avoiding inconvenience of the inhibitor extrusion from the cell by specific pumps and disrupting the interaction between the GSTP1-1 and key signaling effectors. NBDHEX can also act as late-phase autophagy inhibitor.
    NBDHEX
  • HY-A0119
    Nitroprusside disodium dihydrate
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Nitroprusside disodium dehydrate (Sodium nitroprusside dihydrate) is a vasodilator that available for the research of acute hypertension, heart failure. Nitroprusside disodium dehydrate induces autophagy in glutathione-depleted osteoblasts. Nitroprusside disodium dehydrate acts as a nitric oxide (NO) donor in a rat intestinal ischemia reperfusion model.
    Nitroprusside disodium dihydrate
  • HY-N0716A
    Berberine hemisulfate
    		Inducer 99.63%
    Berberine hemisulfate is the hemisulfate form of Berberine (HY-N0716). Berberine hemisulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian. Berberine hemisulfate exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibiobic, antitumor, cardiovascular protective and neuroprotective activity.
    Berberine hemisulfate
  • HY-N0221
    Daurisoline
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    Daurisoline is a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from Menispermum dauricum and Rhizoma Menispermi. Daurisoline exerts a blocking effect on hERG and has antiarrhythmic effects. Daurisoline is a potent autophagy blocker that can be used for the research of cancer.
    Daurisoline
  • HY-N0072
    Brazilin
    		Inducer 99.37%
    Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Brazilin
  • HY-N0806
    Sweroside
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Sweroside is an iridoid glycoside that targets multiple targets, including the Keap1/Nrf2 axis, NLRP3 inflammasome, SIRT1, NF-κB, AMPK/mTOR pathway, and caspase family. Sweroside promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation by competitively binding to Keap1. Sweroside also inhibits oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis by activating Nrf2, inhibits NF-κB inflammatory pathway by activating SIRT1, and promotes autophagy and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Sweroside has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and lipid metabolism regulating activities, and can be used in the research of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, leukemia, acute lung injury, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and other fields.
    Sweroside
  • HY-122942
    Moracin M
    		Modulator 98.90%
    Moracin M is a phenolic component that can be isolated from Mori Cortex, is a potent phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor with IC50 values of 2.9, 4.5, >40, and >100 μM for PDE4D2, PDE4B2, PDE5A1, and PDE9A2, respectively. Moracin M has anti-inflammatory activity.
    Moracin M
  • HY-13749B
    Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate
    		Inhibitor 99.83%
    Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate (MK-0431 phosphate monohydrate) is a potent inhibitor of DPP4 with an IC50 of 19 nM in Caco-2 cell extracts.
    Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate
  • HY-107765
    LY2955303
    		99.80%
    LY2955303 is a potent and selective retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) antagonist with a Ki of 1.09 nM.
    LY2955303
  • HY-N0213
    Peiminine
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Peiminine is a compound that can be isolated from Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae family). Peiminine can induce apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Peiminine has anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis, cardioprotective and other activities in many animal models.
    Peiminine
  • HY-10864
    URB-597
    		Inhibitor 99.15%
    URB-597 (KDS-4103) is an orally bioavailable and selective FAAH inhibitor. URB-597 inhibits FAAH activity with an IC50s of approximately 5 nM in rat brain membranes, 0.5 nM in intact rat neurons, 3 nM in human liver microsomes. Antidepressant-like effects. Analgesic activity.
    URB-597
  • HY-W010201
    Citronellol
    		Modulator 98.08%
    Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is an orally active inducer of apoptosis. Citronellol can prevent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-OHDA by regulating the ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Citronellol can induce necroptosis in human lung cancer cells through the TNF-α pathway and accumulation of ROS. Citronellol can reduce the levels of LC-3 and p62 to regulate the autophagy pathway, inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and thus have neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's rats. Citronellol exhibits anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.
    Citronellol
  • HY-N9481
    Lipoteichoic acid
    		Inducer
    Lipoteichoic acid is an orally effect anti-inflammatory and antitumor agent. Lipoteichoic acid is a crucial immune molecule in Gram-positive bacteria that activates the complement system by inducing C3 and inhibiting CD55. Lipoteichoic acid regulates macrophage autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Lipoteichoic acid induces lung damage in mice. Lipoteichoic acid inhibits the production of melanin.
    Lipoteichoic acid
  • HY-N0410
    Daucosterol
    		Inducer
    Daucosterol is an orally active natural sterol compound, which has anti-inflammatory, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Daucosterol inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing autophagy through ROS-dependent manner. Daucosterol also inhibits colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell migration and invasion and targeting caspase signalling pathway.
    Daucosterol
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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