2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W127758
    Alginic acid
    		Inducer
    Alginic acid is a natural polysaccharide, which has been widely concerned and applied due to its excellent water solubility, film formation, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Alginic acid induces oxidative stress-mediated hormone secretion disorder, apoptosis and autophagy in mouse granulosa cells and ovaries. Alginic acid has an inhibitory effect on histamine release. Anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Alginic acid
  • HY-W050044
    L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
    		Activator 99.85%
    L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is a proline analog. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid upregulates the lipid autophagy marker LC3-II via activation of the PERK pathway. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid increases pro-apoptotic BAX protein. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ATF6 cleavage and upregulates phosphorylated eIF2α levels. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ER stress, inducing protein misfolding and aggregation. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid shows teratogenic, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects.
    L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
  • HY-100793
    SR12813
    		99.80%
    SR12813 (GW 485801) is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, with an IC50 value of 0.85 μM. SR12813 is also an efficient agonist of human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). SR12813 can strongly bind to hPXR but not to mouse PXR (mPXR).
    SR12813
  • HY-15433A
    Quisinostat dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.05%
    Quisinostat dihydrochloride (JNJ-26481585 dihydrochloride) is an orally available, potent pan-HDAC inhibitor with IC50s of 0.11 nM, 0.33 nM, 0.64 nM, 0.46 nM, and 0.37 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC4, HDAC10 and HDAC11, respectively. Quisinostat dihydrochloride has a broad spectrum antitumoral activity.
    Quisinostat dihydrochloride
  • HY-17386A
    Rosiglitazone hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) hydrochloride is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone hydrochloride is a TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone hydrochloride can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone hydrochloride
  • HY-50898A
    Lapatinib ditosylate
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Lapatinib ditosylate (GW572016 ditosylate) is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib ditosylate
  • HY-18299A
    Purvalanol A
    		Inducer 98.61%
    Purvalanol A is a potent CDK inhibitor, which inhibits cdc2-cyclin B, cdk2-cyclin A, cdk2-cyclin E, cdk4-cyclin D1, and cdk5-p35 with IC50s of 4, 70, 35, 850, 75 nM, resepctively.
    Purvalanol A
  • HY-N1430
    Oxyresveratrol
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 µM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 µM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects.
    Oxyresveratrol
  • HY-12176
    Aliskiren
    		Inducer 98.88%
    Aliskiren is an orally active, highly potent and selective renin inhibitor, with IC50 of 1.5 nM. Aliskiren can be used for the research of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer cachexia.
    Aliskiren
  • HY-N0716A
    Berberine hemisulfate
    		Inducer 99.63%
    Berberine hemisulfate is the hemisulfate form of Berberine (HY-N0716). Berberine hemisulfate is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian. Berberine hemisulfate exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibiobic, antitumor, cardiovascular protective and neuroprotective activity.
    Berberine hemisulfate
  • HY-B1417
    Nortriptyline hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline) hydrochloride, the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline hydrochloride is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects.
    Nortriptyline hydrochloride
  • HY-N0072
    Brazilin
    		Inducer 99.37%
    Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Brazilin
  • HY-N0410
    Daucosterol
    		Inducer
    Daucosterol is an orally active natural sterol compound, which has anti-inflammatory, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Daucosterol inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing autophagy through ROS-dependent manner. Daucosterol also inhibits colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell migration and invasion and targeting caspase signalling pathway.
    Daucosterol
  • HY-B0444
    Maprotiline hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Maprotiline hydrochloride is a highly selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor that has strong antidepressant, antitumor and neuropathic pain-relieving effects with oral activity. Maprotiline hydrochloride induces cancer cell apoptosis by targeting the ERK signaling pathway and CRABP1.
    Maprotiline hydrochloride
  • HY-B0015R
    Paclitaxel (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Paclitaxel (Standard) is the analytical standard of Paclitaxel. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Paclitaxel is a naturally occurring antineoplastic agent and stabilizes tubulin polymerization. Paclitaxel can cause both mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death. Paclitaxel also induces autophagy.
    Paclitaxel (Standard)
  • HY-B0228S1
    Adenosine-13C5
    		99.9%
    Adenosine-13C5 is the 13C labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
    Adenosine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-B0782A
    Acetazolamide sodium
    		Inducer 99.54%
    Acetazolamide sodium is a carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX inhibitor with an IC50 of 30 nM for hCA IX. Acetazolamide sodium has diuretic, antihypertensive and anti-gonococcal activities.
    Acetazolamide sodium
  • HY-134050
    Apostatin-1
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Apostatin-1 (Apt-1) is a potent TRADD inhibitor. Apostatin-1 can bind with TRADD-N (KD=2.17 μM), disrupting its binding to both TRADD-C and TRAF2. Apostatin-1 modulates the ubiquitination of RIPK1 and beclin 1. Apostatin-1 blocks apoptosis and restores cellular homeostasis by activating autophagy in cells with accumulated mutant tau, α-synuclein, or huntingtin.
    Apostatin-1
  • HY-N0780
    Isoalantolactone
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Isoalantolactone is an apoptosis inducer, which also acts as an alkylating agent.
    Isoalantolactone
  • HY-129960
    L-Selenocystine
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    L-Selenocystine is a selenium-containing amino acid. L-Selenocystine has redox properties. L-Selenocystine is cytotoxic to various tumor cells and can induce the production of ROS and apoptosis. L-Selenocystine can block the Nrf2 and autophagy pathways. L-Selenocystine has anti-tumor activity.
    L-Selenocystine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.