2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13065
    Isobavachalcone
    		Inducer 99.01%
    Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. and is a potent inhibitor of Akt signaling pathway, which induces apoptosis in human cancer cells (Inhibits OVCAR-8 cell growth with an IC50 value of 7.92 μM). Isobavachalcone also induces Reactive Oxyen Species (ROS) generation in OVCAR-8 cells and has exhibit cancer anti-promotive and anti-proliferative activity.
    Isobavachalcone
  • HY-B1071
    Lasalocid
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Lasalocid (Lasalocid-A) is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent that can be used as feed additives. Lasalocid exhibits antitumor activity. Lasalocid is orally active.
    Lasalocid
  • HY-N0235
    Bakuchiol
    		99.25%
    Bakuchiol is a phytoestrogen that can be obtained from psoralen seeds. Bakuchiol has been proven to be a non-competitive inhibitor of multiple enzymes, including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) and human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2) , with IC50s values of 40.9 μM and 7.28 μM, respectively. Bakuchiol exhibits significant research and application potential in areas such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor therapies, as well as drug metabolism regulation.
    Bakuchiol
  • HY-101923B
    LYN-1604 dihydrochloride
    		Activator 99.55%
    LYN-1604 dihydrochloride is a potent UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) activator (EC50=18.94 nM) for the research of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    LYN-1604 dihydrochloride
  • HY-15609
    AZD-3463
    		Inducer 99.58%
    AZD-3463 (ALK/IGF1R inhibitor) is an orally active ALK/IGF1R inhibitor, with a Ki of 0.75 nM for ALK. AZD3463 induces apoptosis and autophagy in neuroblastoma cells.
    AZD-3463
  • HY-13676
    Megestrol acetate
    		Inhibitor 99.69%
    Megestrol acetate is a synthetic and orally active progesteronal agent. Megestrol acetate is effective as an appetite stimulant for wasting syndromes such as cachexia. Megestrol acetate decreases nuclear and cytosol androgen receptors human BPH tissue. Megestrol acetate has the potential for HIV study and downregulates autophagic catabolic pathway.
    Megestrol acetate
  • HY-16681
    AGN 194310
    		98.07%
    AGN 194310 (VTP-194310) is a high affinity, potent and selective retinioic acid receptors (RARs) pan-antagonist with Kd values of 3 nM, 2 nM, 5 nM for RARα, RARβ, RARγ, respectively. AGN 194310 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    AGN 194310
  • HY-B1159
    Nitroxoline
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Nitroxoline (8-Hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline), an antibiotic, is an orally active antibiofilm agent. Nitroxoline reduces the formation and induces the dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by chelation of iron and zinc. Nitroxoline can be used for the urinary tract infections and cancer research.
    Nitroxoline
  • HY-145752
    HaloPROTAC-E
    		Inhibitor 98.18%
    HaloPROTAC-E is a potent Halo PROTAC degrader that reversibly induces degradation of two Halo-tagged endoplasmic reticulum-localized proteins, SGK3 and VPS34, with a DC50 of 3-10 nM. HaloPROTAC-E significantly and selectively induces degradation of endogenous VPS34 complexes (VPS34, VPS15, Beclin1, and ATG14) labeled with Halo and inhibits autophagy.
    HaloPROTAC-E
  • HY-14648C
    Dexamethasone (Water Soluble)
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) Water Soluble is a water-soluble form of Dexamethasone (HY-14648). Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, apoptosis inducer, and a common disease inducer in experimental animals. It can be used to construct models of muscle atrophy, hypertension, and depression. Dexamethasone can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages and significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes. Dexamethasone also has the potential to be used in COVID-19 research.(Sale size is the weight of dexamethasone)
    Dexamethasone (Water Soluble)
  • HY-13424
    RITA
    		Inducer 99.79%
    RITA is an inhibitor of p53-HDM-2 interaction, binds to p53dN, with a Kd of 1.5 nM, and also induces DNA-DNA cross-links.
    RITA
  • HY-16561R
    Resveratrol (Standard)
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Resveratrol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Resveratrol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501), a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.
    Resveratrol (Standard)
  • HY-B1287
    Citalopram hydrobromide
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Citalopram hydrobromide is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Citalopram hydrobromide inhibits 5-HT uptake into synaptosomes with an IC50 of 1.8 nM. Citalopram hydrobromideinhibits the 5-HT uptake in rabbit blood platelets with an IC50 of 14 nM. Antidepressant effect.
    Citalopram hydrobromide
  • HY-B1039
    Ambroxol
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Ambroxol (NA-872), an active metabolite of the proagent Bromhexine, has potent expectorant effects. Ambroxol is a glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone and increases glucocerebrosidase activity. Ambroxol induces lung autophagy and has the potential for Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease research.
    Ambroxol
  • HY-12687
    Tizoxanide
    		Inducer 98.10%
    Tizoxanide (TIZ) is the active metabolite of Nitazoxanide, which is a thiazolide anti-infective compound against anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, and a range of viruses. Tizoxanide (TIZ) has anti-HIV-1 activities and potent inhibition of both HBV and HCV replication with values EC50 of 0.46μM and 0.15 μM, respectively. Tizoxanide also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressing of the activation of the NF-κB and the MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-treated macrophage cells.
    Tizoxanide
  • HY-10179
    Danusertib
    		Inducer 99.44%
    Danusertib is a pyrrolo-pyrazole and aurora kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 13, 79, and 61 nM for Aurora A, B, and C, respectively.
    Danusertib
  • HY-A0067
    Oxybenzone
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) is a commonly used UV filter in sun tans and skin protectants. Oxybenzone act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers. Benzophenone-3 impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.
    Oxybenzone
  • HY-12176
    Aliskiren
    		Inducer 98.78%
    Aliskiren is an orally active, highly potent and selective renin inhibitor, with IC50 of 1.5 nM. Aliskiren can be used for the research of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer cachexia.
    Aliskiren
  • HY-41547
    Thalidomide 4-fluoride
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Thalidomide 4-fluoride (Cereblon ligand 4) is the Thalidomide-based Cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide 4-fluoride (Cereblon ligand 4) can be connected to the ligand for IRAK4 protein by a linker to form PROTAC IRAK4 degrader-1 (HY-129966).
    Thalidomide 4-fluoride
  • HY-10344
    AZD 6482
    		Inducer 99.93%
    AZD 6482 (KIN-193) is a potent and selective p110β inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.69 nM.
    AZD 6482
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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