2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13065
    Isobavachalcone
    		Inducer 98.99%
    Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. and is a potent inhibitor of Akt signaling pathway, which induces apoptosis in human cancer cells (Inhibits OVCAR-8 cell growth with an IC50 value of 7.92 μM). Isobavachalcone also induces Reactive Oxyen Species (ROS) generation in OVCAR-8 cells and has exhibit cancer anti-promotive and anti-proliferative activity.
    Isobavachalcone
  • HY-N0235
    Bakuchiol
    		99.25%
    Bakuchiol is a phytoestrogen that can be obtained from psoralen seeds. Bakuchiol has been proven to be a non-competitive inhibitor of multiple enzymes, including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) and human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2) , with IC50s values of 40.9 μM and 7.28 μM, respectively. Bakuchiol exhibits significant research and application potential in areas such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor therapies, as well as drug metabolism regulation.
    Bakuchiol
  • HY-15415
    KB-R7943 mesylate
    		Inhibitor 99.16%
    KB-R7943 mesylate is a widely used inhibitor of the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCXrev) with IC50 of 5.7±2.1 μM. KB-R7943 mesylate induces cancer cell death via activating the JNK pathway and blocking autophagic flux.
    KB-R7943 mesylate
  • HY-18728
    STF-31
    		Inducer 99.79%
    STF-31 is a selective inhibitor of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), with an IC50 of 1 μM. STF-31 is also a NAMPT inhibitor. STF-31 inhibits glucose uptake in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 4 cells.
    STF-31
  • HY-15449
    Kaempferide
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Kaempferide is an orally active flavonol isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides L. Kaempferide has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective activities. Kaempferide induces apoptosis. Kaempferide promotes osteogenesis through antioxidants and can be used in osteoporosis research.
    Kaempferide
  • HY-16681
    AGN 194310
    		98.07%
    AGN 194310 (VTP-194310) is a high affinity, potent and selective retinioic acid receptors (RARs) pan-antagonist with Kd values of 3 nM, 2 nM, 5 nM for RARα, RARβ, RARγ, respectively. AGN 194310 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    AGN 194310
  • HY-15145
    SRT 1720 monohydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.92%
    SRT 1720 monohydrochloride is a selective and orally active activator of SIRT1 with an EC50 of 0.10 μM, and shows less potent activities on SIRT2 and SIRT3.
    SRT 1720 monohydrochloride
  • HY-15758
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane
    		Inhibitor 99.89%
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane is a strong, pure androgen receptor (AR) antagonist.
    3,3'-Diindolylmethane
  • HY-B1071
    Lasalocid
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Lasalocid (Lasalocid-A) is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent that can be used as feed additives. Lasalocid exhibits antitumor activity. Lasalocid is orally active.
    Lasalocid
  • HY-10331A
    Regorafenib monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) monohydrate is an orally active and potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with IC50 values of 13/4.2/46, 22, 7, 1.5 and 2.5 nM for VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ, Kit, RET and Raf-1, respectively. Regorafenib monohydrate shows very robust antitumor and antiangiogenic activity.
    Regorafenib monohydrate
  • HY-50847
    ZSTK474
    		Inducer 99.71%
    ZSTK474 is an ATP-competitive pan-class I PI3K inhibitor with IC50s of 16 nM, 44 nM, 4.6 nM and 49 nM for PΙ3Κα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ, respectively.
    ZSTK474
  • HY-B1159
    Nitroxoline
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Nitroxoline (8-Hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline), an antibiotic, is an orally active antibiofilm agent. Nitroxoline reduces the formation and induces the dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by chelation of iron and zinc. Nitroxoline can be used for the urinary tract infections and cancer research.
    Nitroxoline
  • HY-N0269
    Echinatin
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Echinatin is a chalcone isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Gancao with hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Echinatin can be quickly absorbed and eliminated and extensively distributed with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 6.81% in Rat.
    Echinatin
  • HY-15609
    AZD-3463
    		Inducer 99.31%
    AZD-3463 (ALK/IGF1R inhibitor) is an orally active ALK/IGF1R inhibitor, with a Ki of 0.75 nM for ALK. AZD3463 induces apoptosis and autophagy in neuroblastoma cells.
    AZD-3463
  • HY-14427
    4E1RCat
    		98.89%
    4E1RCat is an inhibitor of cap-dependent translation, and inhibits eIF4E:eIF4GI interaction, with an IC50 an of ～4 μM.
    4E1RCat
  • HY-A0067
    Oxybenzone
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) is a commonly used UV filter in sun tans and skin protectants. Oxybenzone act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers. Benzophenone-3 impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.
    Oxybenzone
  • HY-14543
    Sertindole
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Sertindole (Lu 23-174) is an orally active 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, dopamine D2, and αl-adrenergic receptors antagonist. Sertindole shows antipsychotic activity and anti-proliferative activity to multiple cancer cells.
    Sertindole
  • HY-13516
    Aloperine
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Aloperine is an alkaloid in sophora plants such as Sophora alopecuroides L, which has shown anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-virus properties. Aloperine is widely used to treat patients with allergic contact dermatitis eczema and other skin inflammation in China. Aloperine induces apoptosis and autophagy in HL-60 cells.
    Aloperine
  • HY-B1039
    Ambroxol
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Ambroxol (NA-872), an active metabolite of the proagent Bromhexine, has potent expectorant effects. Ambroxol is a glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone and increases glucocerebrosidase activity. Ambroxol induces lung autophagy and has the potential for Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease research.
    Ambroxol
  • HY-149302
    MC4033
    		Inducer 98.26%
    MC4033 shows IC50s of 39.4 μM, 52.1 μM, 41 μM and 30.1 μM in HCT116, H1299, A549 and U937, respectively.
    MC4033 (25, 50, 100, and 200 μM, 72 h) reduces the level of H4K16Ac in HT29 cells, suggesting its ability to inhibit KAT8 in cells.
    MC4033
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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