2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0116
    Stavudine
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Stavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis.
    Stavudine
  • HY-B1030
    Lanatoside C
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside, can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.Lanatoside C has an IC50 of 0.19 μM for dengue virus infection in HuH-7 cells. Lanatoside C can effectively inhibit all four serotypes of dengue virus, flavivirus Kunjin, alphavirus Chikungunya, Sindbis virus and the human enterovirus 71.
    Lanatoside C
  • HY-13749A
    Sitagliptin phosphate
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    Sitagliptin phosphate (MK-0431 phosphate) is a potent inhibitor of DPP4 with an IC50 of 19 nM in Caco-2 cell extracts.
    Sitagliptin phosphate
  • HY-N1447
    Ganoderic acid A
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Ganoderic acid A can inhibit of the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway, also inhibit proliferation, viability, ROS.
    Ganoderic acid A
  • HY-N0568
    Madecassoside
    		Inhibitor 99.58%
    Madecassoside is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica and has anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidant and anti-aging effects. Madecassoside is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica. Madecassoside is orally active and has inhibitory properties against inflammation, oxidation, apoptosis and autophagy. Madecassosid inhibits activities of p38 MAPK and NF-kB[5][6], exhibits an anti-apopototic property, activates Nrf2 expression to reduce the neurotoxicity. Madecassoside can be used in endocrine diseases, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases and other diseases.
    Madecassoside
  • HY-14654R
    Aspirin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Aspirin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Aspirin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) is an orally active, potent and irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 5 and 210 μg/mL, respectively. Aspirin induces apoptosis. Aspirin inhibits the activation of NF-κB. Aspirin also inhibits platelet prostaglandin synthetase, and can prevent coronary artery and cerebrovascular thrombosis.
    Aspirin (Standard)
  • HY-14754
    Salirasib
    		Inducer 99.04%
    Salirasib is a Ras inhibitor that inhibits specifically both oncogenically activated Ras and growth factor receptor-mediated Ras activation, resulting in the inhibition of Ras-dependent tumor growth.
    Salirasib
  • HY-16568
    Irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate ((+)-Irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor with antitumor activity.
    Irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate
  • HY-B0223
    Albendazole
    		Inducer 99.05%
    Albendazole (SKF-62979) is an orally active and broad-spectrum parasiticide with high effectiveness and low host toxicity, is used for the research of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and animals. Albendazole induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Albendazole also inhibits tubulin polymerization and HIF-1α, VEGF expression, has antioxidant activity, and inhibits the glycolytic process in cancer cells.
    Albendazole
  • HY-115576
    P62-mediated mitophagy inducer
    		Inducer 99.54%
    P62-mediated mitophagy inducer (PMI) is a P62-mediated mitophagy activator. P62-mediated mitophagy inducer activates mitochondrial autophagy without recruitment of Parkin or collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and remains active in cells lacking a fully functional PINK1/Parkin pathway. P62-mediated mitophagy inducer serves as a pharmacological tool to study the molecular mechanisms of mitosis, avoiding toxicity and some of the non-specific effects associated with the sudden dissipation of mitochondria lacking membrane potential.
    P62-mediated mitophagy inducer
  • HY-15296
    Cabergoline
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Cabergoline is an ergot derived-dopamine D2-like receptor agonist that has high affinity for D2, D3, and 5-HT2B receptors (Ki=0.7, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively).
    Cabergoline
  • HY-15945
    DBeQ
    		Inhibitor 99.02%
    DBeQ is a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 1.5 μM and 1.6 μM for p97(wt) and p97(C522A), respectively; DBeQ also inhibits Vps4 with an IC50 of 11.5 μM.
    DBeQ
  • HY-N0693
    Schisandrin A
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Schisandrin A inhibits CYP3A activity with an IC50 of 6.60 μM and Ki of 5.83 μM, respectively.
    Schisandrin A
  • HY-N0002
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate
    		Inducer 99.61%
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Epicatechin gallate) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 7.5 μM.
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate
  • HY-N0575
    Pinocembrin
    		Inhibitor 99.67%
    Pinocembrin ((+)-Pinocoembrin) is a flavonoid found in propolis, acts as a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, and is an effective anti-allergic agent, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Pinocembrin
  • HY-155747
    FDW028
    		Inhibitor 99.51%
    FDW028 a potent and highly selective FUT8 inhibitor. FUT8 exhibits potent anti-tumor activity by defucosylation and impelling lysosomal degradation of B7-H3 through the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) pathway. FDW028 can be used for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) research.
    FDW028
  • HY-19735
    KJ Pyr 9
    		99.62%
    KJ Pyr 9 is an inhibitor of MYC with a Kd of 6.5 nM in in vitro assay.
    KJ Pyr 9
  • HY-107500
    UVI 3003
    		99.57%
    UVI 3003 is a highly selective antagonist of retinoid X receptor (RXR), and inhibits xenopus and human RXRα in Cos7 cells, with IC50s of 0.22 and 0.24 μM, respectively.
    UVI 3003
  • HY-N0047
    Polyphyllin I
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Polyphyllin I is a bioactive constituent extracted from Paris polyphylla, has strong anti-tumor activity. Polyphyllin I is an activator of the JNK signaling pathway and is an inhibitor of PDK1/Akt/mTOR signaling. Polyphyllin I induces autophagy, G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis.
    Polyphyllin I
  • HY-10205
    Cediranib
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Cediranib (AZD2171) is a highly potent, orally available VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of <1, <3, 5, 5, 36, 2 nM for Flt1, KDR, Flt4, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, respectively.
    Cediranib
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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