2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-16397A
    Phenformin hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    Phenformin hydrochloride is an anti-diabetic agent from the biguanide class, can activate AMPK activity.
    Phenformin hydrochloride
  • HY-101200
    Linsidomine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Linsidomine hydrochloride (SIN-1 chloride) is a spontaneous ROS/RNS generator and peroxynitrite donor. Linsidomine hydrochloride is a vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor. Linsidomine hydrochloride induces oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Linsidomine hydrochloride inhibits the migration, proliferation and neointima formation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the expression of annexin A2. In addition, low doses of Linsidomine hydrochloride shows protective effects on Zn2+ treated nerve cells.
    Linsidomine hydrochloride
  • HY-134928A
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA
    		Modulator
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) TFA is a fluorophore that can be isolated from lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA is an initiator of blue-light-induced apoptosis. Photoactivation of Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA mediates autophagy and the production of reactive oxygen species. Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA can be used in the study of retinal degenerative diseases.
    Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E TFA
  • HY-N0714
    Berbamine
    		Inducer 99.59%
    Berbamine is a natural compound extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Phellodendron amurense Rupr. with anti-tumor, immunomodulatory and cardiovascular effects. Berbamine is a calcium channel blocker.
    Berbamine
  • HY-B0968
    Trimetazidine dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is a selective long chain 3-ketoyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibitor with an IC50 of 75 nM, which can inhibit β-oxidation of free fatty acid (FFA). Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an effective antianginal agent and a cytoprotective agent, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective properties. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride triggers autophagy. Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is also a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) inhibitor.
    Trimetazidine dihydrochloride
  • HY-N0163
    Magnolol
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Magnolol, a natural lignan isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, is a dual agonist of both RXRα and PPARγ, with EC50 values of 10.4 µM and 17.7 µM, respectively.
    Magnolol
  • HY-15842
    SF1670
    		98.57%
    SF1670 is a potent and specific phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) inhibitor.
    SF1670
  • HY-12705A
    Bromocriptine mesylate
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Bromocriptine mesylate is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist, which binds D2 dopamine receptor with pKi of 8.05±0.2.
    Bromocriptine mesylate
  • HY-114118A
    Semaglutide TFA
    		Activator 99.92%
    Semaglutide TFA is a long-acting, selective, competitive, orally active GLP-1R agonist that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After activating GLP-1R, Semaglutide TFA promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, and at the same time enhances autophagy, inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide TFA also regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism (such as reducing de novo lipogenesis in the liver). Semaglutide TFA has activities such as lowering blood sugar, reducing weight, neuroprotection (such as improving motor function in Parkinson's disease models, reducing α-synuclein aggregation) and improving hepatic steatosis. Semaglutide TFA can be used for the study of neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson's disease, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), and cancer.
    Semaglutide TFA
  • HY-50751
    Linifanib
    		Inducer 99.28%
    Linifanib (ABT-869) is a potent and orally active multi-target inhibitor of VEGFR and PDGFR family with IC50s of 4, 3, 66, and 4 nM for KDR, FLT1, PDGFRβ, and FLT3, respectively. Linifanib shows prominent antitumor activity. Linifanib has much less activity against unrelated RTKs, soluble tyrosine kinases, or serine/threonine kinases. Linifanib is a specific miR-10b inhibitor that blocks miR-10b biogenesis.
    Linifanib
  • HY-15373
    Fenretinide
    		Inducer 98.83%
    Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid deriverative, binding to the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) at concentrations necessary to induce cell death.
    Fenretinide
  • HY-12204
    PFK-015
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    PFK-015, a derivative of 3PO, is a specific PFKFB3 inhibitor. PFK-015 inhibits recombinant PFKFB3 with an IC50 value of 110 nM and inhibits PFKFB3 activity in cancer cells with an IC50 value of 20 nM. PFK-015 can be used for the research of multiple cancers such as lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
    PFK-015
  • HY-12452
    DPN
    		Inhibitor 99.66%
    DPN (Diarylpropionitrile) is a non-steroidal estrogen receptor β (ERβ) selective ligand, with an EC50 of 0.85 nM. DPN has neuroprotective effects in a number of neurological diseases.
    DPN
  • HY-N0164
    Matrine
    		Modulator ≥98.0%
    Matrine (Matridin-15-one) is an alkaloid found in plants from the Sophora genus that can act as a kappa opioid receptor and u-receptor agonist. Matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis effects. Matrine is potential in the research of disease like human non-small cell lung cancer, hepatoma, papillary thyroid cancer and acute kidney injury (AKI).
    Matrine
  • HY-W250118
    Phosphatidylethanolamine
    		Activator ≥98.0%
    Phosphatidylethanolamine is an orally active phospholipid widely present in organisms. Phosphatidylethanolamine participates in the formation of autophagosome membrane as a lipid anchor of autophagy-related protein Atg8/LC3. Phosphatidylethanolamine enhances Autophagic flux, promotes cell differentiation, regulates lipid droplet fusion, delays aging, and also affects lipid metabolism and membrane integrity.
    Phosphatidylethanolamine
  • HY-15604
    AZD1208
    		Inducer 99.71%
    AZD1208 is an orally bioavailable, highly selective PIM kinases inhibitor.
    AZD1208
  • HY-13735A
    Quinacrine dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.38%
    Quinacrine (Mepacrine) dihydrochloride is an orally bioavailable antimalarial agent, which possess anticancer effect both in vitro and vivo. Quinacrine dihydrochloride suppresses NF-κB and activate p53 signaling, which results in the induction of the apoptosis.
    Quinacrine dihydrochloride
  • HY-N0418
    Quercitrin
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research.
    Quercitrin
  • HY-B0167
    Salicylic acid
    		Inducer 98.42%
    Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation.
    Salicylic acid
  • HY-13271
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.31%
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Tubastatin A HCl) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A Hydrochloride also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.