2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10474
    Torkinib
    		Inducer 99.03%
    Torkinib (PP 242) is a selective and ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM. PP242 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with IC50s of 30 nM and 58 nM, respectively.
    Torkinib
  • HY-15373
    Fenretinide
    		Inducer 98.83%
    Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid deriverative, binding to the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) at concentrations necessary to induce cell death.
    Fenretinide
  • HY-13756A
    Tacrolimus monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.12%
    Tacrolimus monohydrate (FK506 monohydrate), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex and inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties.
    Tacrolimus monohydrate
  • HY-16397A
    Phenformin hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    Phenformin hydrochloride is an anti-diabetic agent from the biguanide class, can activate AMPK activity.
    Phenformin hydrochloride
  • HY-B0144A
    Pitavastatin
    		98.87%
    Pitavastatin (NK-104) is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Pitavastatin also possesses anti-atherosclerotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-osteoarthritis, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and reno-protective effects.
    Pitavastatin
  • HY-15247
    Vistusertib
    		Inducer 99.32%
    Vistusertib (AZD2014) is an ATP competitive mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.81 nM. AZD2014 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes.
    Vistusertib
  • HY-13630
    Etoposide phosphate
    		Inducer 99.44%
    Etoposide phosphate (BMY-40481) is a potent anti-cancer chemotherapy agent and a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor to prevent re-ligation of DNA strands. Etoposide phosphate is the phosphate ester proagent of etoposide and is considered as active equivalent to Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
    Etoposide phosphate
  • HY-N0416
    Cucurbitacin B
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Cucurbitacin B belongs to a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids and is oral active. Cucurbitacin B inhibits tumor cell growth, migration and invasion and cycle arrest, but induces cell apoptosis. Cucurbitacin B has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activity.
    Cucurbitacin B
  • HY-17464
    Cilostazol
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Cilostazol (OPC 13013) is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A, the isoform of PDE 3 in the cardiovascular system, with an IC50 of 0.2 μM.
    Cilostazol
  • HY-B0091
    Adapalene
    		99.98%
    Adapalene (CD271), a third-generation synthetic retinoid, is widely used for the research of acne. Adapalene is a potent RAR agonist, with AC50s of 2.3 nM, 9.3 nM, and 22 nM for RARβ, RARγ, RARα, respectively. Adapalene also inhibits the enzymatic activity of GOT1 in a non-competitive manner. Adapalene exhibits anti-tumor activity.
    Adapalene
  • HY-12008
    Erlotinib Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Erlotinib Hydrochloride (CP-358774 Hydrochloride) inhibits purified EGFR kinase with an IC50 of 2 nM. Erlotinib (Hydrochloride) is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Erlotinib Hydrochloride
  • HY-N0484
    Liensinine
    		Inhibitor 99.97%
    Liensinine is an autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor. Liensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, extracted from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, has a wide range of biological activities, including anti-arrhythmias, anti-hypertension, anti-pulmonary fibrosis, relaxation on vascular smooth muscle, etc.
    Liensinine
  • HY-W250118
    Cephalin form bovine brain
    		Activator 98.0%
    Cephalin form bovine brain is an orally active phospholipid widely present in organisms.Cephalin form bovine brain participates in the formation of autophagosome membrane as a lipid anchor of autophagy-related protein Atg8/LC3. Cephalin form bovine brain enhances Autophagic flux, promotes cell differentiation, regulates lipid droplet fusion, delays aging, and also affects lipid metabolism and membrane integrity.
    Cephalin form bovine brain
  • HY-10452
    Ixazomib citrate
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Ixazomib citrate (MLN9708) is a selective, orally active, second-generation proteasome inhibitor. Ixazomib citrate can be used for the study of a broad range of human malignancies.
    Ixazomib citrate
  • HY-114118A
    Semaglutide TFA
    		Activator 99.92%
    Semaglutide TFA is a long-acting, selective, competitive GLP-1R agonist that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After activating GLP-1R, Semaglutide TFA promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, and at the same time enhances autophagy, inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide TFA also regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism (such as reducing de novo lipogenesis in the liver). Semaglutide TFA has activities such as lowering blood sugar, reducing weight, neuroprotection (such as improving motor function in Parkinson's disease models, reducing α-synuclein aggregation) and improving hepatic steatosis. Semaglutide TFA can be used for the study of neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson's disease, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), and cancer.
    Semaglutide TFA
  • HY-B0492
    Paroxetine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Paroxetine hydrochloride is a potent selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, commonly prescribed as an GRK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 14 μM. Paroxetine hydrochloride can be used for the research of depressive disorder.
    Paroxetine hydrochloride
  • HY-B0167
    Salicylic acid
    		Inducer 98.42%
    Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation.
    Salicylic acid
  • HY-14648A
    Dexamethasone acetate
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Dexamethasone acetate (Dexamethasone 21-acetate) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
    Dexamethasone acetate
  • HY-77591
    Cysteamine hydrochloride
    		Modulator 99.30%
    Cysteamine hydrochloride (2-Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride) is an orally active agent for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and an antioxidant.
    Cysteamine hydrochloride
  • HY-B1773A
    Sodium propionate
    		Activator ≥99.0%
    Sodium propionate is an orally active short-chain fatty acid. Sodium propionate can be produced by intestinal bacteria from the metabolism of dietary fiber. Sodium propionate increases PPAR-γ, inhibits NF-κB activation, and reduces COX-2 expression and NO production. Sodium propionate also induces Apoptosis and Autophagy. Sodium propionate reduces HSV-1-induced keratitis. Sodium propionate has anticancer effects against glioblastoma. Sodium propionate exhibits neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Sodium propionate can be used in the research of spinal cord injury and Alzheimer's disease.
    Sodium propionate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.