2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13721
    Phenoxodiol
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Phenoxodiol (Idronoxil), a synthetic analog of Genestein, activates the mitochondrial caspase system, inhibits XIAP (an apoptosis inhibitor), and sensitizes the cancer cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Phenoxodiol also inhibits DNA topoisomerase II by stabilizing the cleavable complex. Phenoxodiol induces cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and upregulates p21WAF1 via a p53 independent manner.
    Phenoxodiol
  • HY-19554A
    MM-401 TFA
    		Inducer 99.34%
    MM-401 (TFA) is a MLL1 H3K4 methyltransferase inhibitor. MM-401 inhibits MLL1 activity (IC50 = 0.32 μM) by blocking MLL1-WDR5 interaction. MM-401 can induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. MM-401 can be used for the research of MLL leukemia.
    MM-401 TFA
  • HY-119751
    Hematein
    		Inducer
    Hematein is a oxidation product of hematoxylin acted as a dye. Hematein is an allosteric casein kinase II inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.74 μM. Hematein inhibits Akt/PKB Ser129 phosphorylation, the Wnt/TCF pathway and increases apoptosis in lung cancer cells.
    Hematein
  • HY-N7000
    Perillyl alcohol
    		Inducer
    Perillyl alcohol is an orally active monoterpene. Perillyl alcohol exhibits multiple activities such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic, and anti-nociceptive effects. Perillyl alcohol can induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in tumor cells.
    Perillyl alcohol
  • HY-122818
    BpV(phen) trihydrate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    BpV(phen) trihydrate, a insulin-mimetic agent, is a potent protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) and PTEN inhibitor with IC50s of 38 nM, 343 nM and 920 nM for PTEN, PTP-β and PTP-1B, respectively. BpV(phen) trihydrate inhibits proliferation of the protozoan parasite Leishmania in vitro. bpV(phen) trihydrate strongly induces the secretion of a large number of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and it activates a Th1-type pathway (IL-12, IFNγ). BpV(phen) trihydrate can also induce cell apoptosis, and has anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity.
    BpV(phen) trihydrate
  • HY-76474A
    BAY 61-3606 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.08%
    BAY 61-3606 hydrochloride is an orally available, ATP-competitive, reversible and highly selective Syk inhibitor with a Ki of 7.5 nM and an IC50 of 10 nM . BAY 61-3606 hydrochloride reduces ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in neuroblastoma cell. BAY 61-3606 hydrochloride induces a large decrease of Syk phosphorylation in K-rn cell lysates. BAY 61-3606 hydrochloride sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis by downregulating Mcl-1 in breast cancer cells.
    BAY 61-3606 hydrochloride
  • HY-N0735
    Phellodendrine chloride
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Phellodendrine chloride is an orally active plant alkaloid. Phellodendrine chloride inhibits the proliferation of KRAS-mutated pancreatic cancer cells by suppressing macropinocytosis and glutamine metabolism, inducing ROS accumulation and mitochondrial apoptosis. Phellodendrine chloride promotes autophagy by activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway, alleviating intestinal damage in ulcerative colitis. Phellodendrine chloride can alleviate gouty arthritis by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Phellodendrine chloride suppresses allergic reactions by altering the conformation of MRGPRB3/MRGPRX2 protein, thereby inhibiting the activation of PKC and subsequent downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Phellodendrine chloride inhibits the AKT/NF-κB pathway and down-regulates the expression of COX-2, thereby protecting zebrafish embryos from oxidative stress. Phellodendrine chloride has an anti-major depressive disorder (MDD) effect by down-regulating CHRM1, HTR1A, and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
    Phellodendrine chloride
  • HY-113337A
    Ap4A tetraammonium
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Ap4A tetraammonium (P1,P4-Di-(adenosine-5')-tetraphosphate tetraammonium) is a conserved second messenger in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Ap4A tetraammonium binds to the histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) activates the transcription of genes downstream of MITF. Ap4A tetraammonium induces apoptosis.
    Ap4A tetraammonium
  • HY-14654S
    Aspirin-d3
    		Inducer 98.51%
    Aspirin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Aspirin (HY-14654). Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) is an orally active, potent and irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 5 and 210 μg/mL, respectively. Aspirin induces apoptosis. Aspirin inhibits the activation of NF-κB. Aspirin also inhibits platelet prostaglandin synthetase, and can prevent coronary artery and cerebrovascular thrombosis.
    Aspirin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-148422
    Rohinitib
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Rohinitib is a potent and specific eIF4A inhibitor. Rohinitib induces cell apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and reduces the leukemia burden of AML xenograft model. Rohinitib can be used for the research of AML.
    Rohinitib
  • HY-14608S2
    L-Glutamic acid-15N
    		Inducer 98.0%
    L-Glutamic acid-15N is the 15N-labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
    L-Glutamic acid-<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-18377
    Bioymifi
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Bioymifi (DR5 Activator), a potent TRAIL receptor DR5 activator, binds to the extracellular domain (ECD) of DR5 with a Kd of 1.2 μM. Bioymifi can act as a single agent to induce DR5 clustering and aggregation, leading to apoptosis.
    Bioymifi
  • HY-125098
    Illudin S
    		99.80%
    Illudin S, a cytotoxic Illudin, is a natural sesquiterpene with strong anti-tumour and antiviral activities. Illudin S has genotoxic activities. Illudin S blocks the G1-S phase interface of the cell cycle in human leukemia cells.
    Illudin S
  • HY-139637
    (±)-Silybin
    		Inducer 99.40%
    (±)-Silybin is the racemate of Silybin (HY-N0779A). Silybin induces apoptosis and exhibits hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activity.
    (±)-Silybin
  • HY-W762011
    BDE 47
    		Inducer 98.37%
    BDE 47 targets mitochondria, inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), decreases mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induces apoptosis in embryonic cell. BDE 47 induces the generation of ROS, and activates the JNK signaling pathway. BDE 47 exhibits embryonic developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
    BDE 47
  • HY-138301
    Miclxin
    		Inducer 98.12%
    Miclxin (DS37262926) is a potent inhibitor of mutant β-catenin, involving in Wnt signaling pathway. Miclxin induces β-catenin-dependent apoptosis, leads to severe mitochondrial damage with the loss of mitochondrial membrane. Miclxin kills tumor via targeting to MIC60, a major components of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex.
    Miclxin
  • HY-N7526
    Naphthazarin
    		Inducer 99.59%
    Naphthazarin (DHNQ) is a microtubule depolymerizing agent. Naphthazarin can improve motor function and reduce neuroinflammation in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Naphthazarin can induce tumor cell apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest. Naphthazarin can also induce erythrocyte apoptosis. Naphthazarin can be used in the research of tumors and neurodegenerative diseases.
    Naphthazarin
  • HY-W014423S4
    L-Histidine-d5 hydrochloride hydrate
    		Inducer 99.63%
    L-Histidine-d5 hydrochloride hydrate is the deuterium labeled L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate (HY-W014423). L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is an endogenous metabolite. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate scavenges hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, regulate the absorption of zinc, copper and iron, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is blood brain barrier penetrable.
    L-Histidine-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-101446
    HIOC
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    HIOC is a potent and selective activator of TrkB (tropomyosin related kinase B) receptor. HIOC can pass the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers.HIOC activates TrkB/ERK pathway and decreases neuronal cell apoptosis. HIOC attenuates early brain injury after SAH (subarachnoid hemorrhage). HIOC shows protective activity in an animal model for light-induced retinal degeneration.
    HIOC
  • HY-N0687
    Vindoline
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    Vindoline is an orally active vinca alkaloid. Vindoline can be extracted from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus. Vindoline has a weak inhibitory effect on the self-assembly of tubulin. Vindoline alleviates Apoptosis, inhibits p-p65 and p-ERK. Vindoline improves diabetes, bone loss, osteoarthritis, and kidney damage.
    Vindoline
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity