2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12137
    Volasertib
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Volasertib (BI 6727) is an orally active, highly potent and ATP-competitive Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.87 nM. Volasertib inhibits PLK2 and PLK3 with IC50s of 5 and 56 nM, respectively. Volasertib induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Volasertib, a dihydropteridinone derivative, shows marked antitumor activity in multiple cancer models.
    Volasertib
  • HY-100202
    TPEN
    		Inducer 99.91%
    TPEN (TPEDA) is a specific cell-permeable heavy metal chelator. TPEN has a higher affinity for Zn2+, but a lower affinity for Mg2+ and Ca2+. TPEN induces DNA damage and increases intracellular ROS production. TPEN also inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
    TPEN
  • HY-112037
    IACS-010759
    		Inducer 99.68%
    IACS-010759 is an orally active, potent mitochondrial complex I of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. IACS-010759 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in models of brain cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reliant on OXPHOS. IACS-010759 has the potential for relapsed/refractory AML and solid tumors research.
    IACS-010759
  • HY-10005
    Flavopiridol
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) is a broad spectrum and competitive inhibitor of CDKs, inhibiting CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 with IC50s of 30, 170, 100 nM, respectively.
    Flavopiridol
  • HY-N6785
    Okadaic acid
    		Inducer 99.19%
    Okadaic acid, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC50=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC50=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC50=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC50=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC50=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid induces tau phosphorylation.
    Okadaic acid
  • HY-50202A
    Etomoxir sodium salt
    		Inducer 99.62%
    Etomoxir((R)-(+)-Etomoxir) sodium salt is an irreversible inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT-1a), inhibits fatty acid oxidation (FAO) through CPT-1a and inhibits palmitate β-oxidation in human, rat and guinea pig.
    Etomoxir sodium salt
  • HY-N0148
    Rutin
    		Inhibitor 98.09%
    Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin is also a CBR1 inhibitor, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
    Rutin
  • HY-101562
    Inavolisib
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Inavolisib (GDC-0077) is a potent, orally active, and selective PI3Kα inhibitor (IC50=0.038 nM). Inavolisib exerts its activity by binding to the ATP binding site of PI3K, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3. Inavolisib is more selective for mutant versus wild-type PI3Kα. Inavolisib can be used for the study of breast cancer.
    Inavolisib
  • HY-13777
    Zoledronic Acid
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Zoledronic Acid (Zoledronate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic Acid inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic Acid also has anti-cancer effects.
    Zoledronic Acid
  • HY-13624A
    Epirubicin hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.62%
    Epirubicin hydrochloride (4'-Epidoxorubicin hydrochloride), a semisynthetic L-arabino derivative of doxorubicin, has an antineoplastic agent by inhibiting Topoisomerase. Epirubicin hydrochloride inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis. Epirubicin hydrochloride is a Forkhead box protein p3 (Foxp3) inhibitor and inhibits regulatory T cell activity.
    Epirubicin hydrochloride
  • HY-N1446B
    Sodium oleate
    		Inducer 98.27%
    Sodium oleate (Oleic acid sodium) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid sodium. Sodium oleate is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.
    Sodium oleate
  • HY-13001
    Quizartinib
    		Inducer 99.08%
    Quizartinib (AC220) is an orally active, highly selective and potent second-generation type II FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with a Kd of 1.6 nM. Quizartinib inhibits wild-type FLT3 and FLT3-ITD autophosphorylation in MV4-11 cells with IC50s of 4.2 and 1.1 nM, respectively. Quizartinib can be linked to the VHL ligand via an optimized linker to form a PROTAC FLT3 degrader. Quizartinib induces apoptosis.
    Quizartinib
  • HY-N0305
    5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.61%
    5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA hydrochloride) is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis in the body and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
    5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride
  • HY-50935
    Troglitazone
    		Inducer 99.78%
    Troglitazone is an orally active PPARγ agonist, with EC50s of 550 nM and 780 nM for human and murine PPARγ receptor, respectively. Troglitazone has anticancer activity, prevents and inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes.
    Troglitazone
  • HY-107632
    GYY4137
    		Inducer 98.08%
    GY4137 is a sustained-release H2S donor possessing vasodilatory, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory activities. GY4137 can inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis, and cause cell cycle arrest by blocking the STAT3 pathway, demonstrating potent anticancer activity.
    GYY4137
  • HY-13064
    Cobimetinib
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Cobimetinib (GDC-0973, RG7420) is a potent, selective and oral MEK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.2 nM for MEK1.
    Cobimetinib
  • HY-B0568
    Deferiprone
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Deferiprone is a potent, orally active, brain-penetrant, cell-penetrant, skin-permeable, free iron chelating agent. Deferiprone inhibits the proliferation and migration, and stimulates apoptosis in tumor cell. Deferiprone has antianemic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidotal activity. Deferiprone can be used in cancer, cardiovascular disease, infection, inflammation, and neurological disease study.
    Deferiprone
  • HY-14658
    Thalidomide
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Thalidomide inhibits cereblon (CRBN), a part of the cullin-4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CUL4-RBX1-DDB1, with a Kd of ∼250 nM, and has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic cancer properties. Thalidomide can work as molecular glue to potentiate substrate.
    Thalidomide
  • HY-15453
    Devimistat
    		Inducer 99.59%
    Devimistat (CPI-613) is a mitochondrial metabolism inhibitor. Devimistat is a lipoic acid antagonist that abrogates mitochondrial energy metabolism to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells.
    Devimistat
  • HY-19992
    3-Bromopyruvic acid
    		Inducer 98.0%
    3-Bromopyruvate (Bromopyruvic acid) is an analogue of pyruvate and a potent hexokinase (HK)-II inhibitor with high tumor selectivity. 3-Bromopyruvate inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis through interfering with glycolysis. 3-Bromopyruvate induces autophagy by stimulating ROS formation in breast cancer cells. Antimicrobial activities.
    3-Bromopyruvic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity