2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0373
    Licochalcone B
    		Activator 99.93%
    Licochalcone B is an extract from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Licochalcone B inhibits amyloid β (42) self-aggregation (IC50=2.16 μM) and disaggregate pre-formed Aβ42 fibrils, reduce metal-induced Aβ42 aggregation through chelating metal ionsLicochalcone B inhibits phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in LPS signaling pathway. Licochalcone B inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Licochalcone B specifically inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome by disrupting NEK7‐NLRP3 interaction.
    Licochalcone B
  • HY-116035
    Nimbolide
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Nimbolide is a triterpene compound that can be isolated from neem (Azadirachta indica), possesses anticancer and antiproliferative activity. Nimbolide induces tumor cell apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB and CDK4/CDK6 kinase. Nimbolide suppresses the Wnt, PI3K-Akt, MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.
    Nimbolide
  • HY-112041
    Unesbulin
    		Inducer 99.45%
    Unesbulin (PTC596) is an orally active and selective B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI-1) inhibitor. Unesbulin downregulates MCL-1 and induces p53-independent mitochondrial apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Unesbulin has anti-leukemic activity.
    Unesbulin
  • HY-P2322
    Iturin A
    		Inducer 98.53%
    Iturin A is a cyclic lipid peptide with strong antifungal activity. Iturin A induces ROS explosion and induces apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells. Iturin A has antitumor activity.
    Iturin A
  • HY-B0425
    Novobiocin
    		Inducer
    Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
    Novobiocin
  • HY-B0402A
    Amantadine hydrochloride
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Amantadine (1-Adamantanamine) hydrochloride is an orally avtive and potent antiviral agent with activity against influenza A viruses. Amantadine hydrochloride inhibits several ion channels such as NMDA and M2, and also inhibits Coronavirus ion channels. Amantadine hydrochloride also has anti-orthopoxvirus and anticancer activity. Amantadine hydrochloride can be used for Parkinson's disease, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and COVID-19 research.
    Amantadine hydrochloride
  • HY-A0067
    Oxybenzone
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) is a commonly used UV filter in sun tans and skin protectants. Oxybenzone act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers. Benzophenone-3 impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.
    Oxybenzone
  • HY-P4157
    FOXO4-DRI
    		Inducer 99.93%
    FOXO4-DRI is a cell-permeable peptide antagonist that blocks the interaction of FOXO4 and p53. FOXO4-DRI is a senolytic peptide that induces apoptosis of senescent cells.
    FOXO4-DRI
  • HY-N6727
    Gliotoxin
    		Inducer 99.51%
    Gliotoxin is a secondary metabolite, the most abundant mycotoxin secreted by A. fumigatus, inhibits the phagocytosis of macrophages and the immune functions of other immune cells . Gliotoxin inhibits inducible NF-κB activity by preventing IκB degradation, which consequently induces host-cell apoptosis. Gliotoxin activates PKA and increases intracellular cAMP concentration; modulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement to facilitate A. fumigatus internalization into lung epithelial cells. Gliotoxin is a potent NOTCH2 transactivation inhibitor, can effectively induce apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells.
    Gliotoxin
  • HY-15700
    PluriSIn 1
    		Inducer 99.84%
    PluriSIn 1 (NSC 14613) is an inhibitor of stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD), and is a pluripotent cell-specific inhibitor.
    PluriSIn 1
  • HY-119272
    EF24
    		Inducer 99.34%
    EF24, a curcumin analogue, is an NF-kB inhibitor with great anti-tumor efficacy and oral bioavailability via deactivation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). EF24 is active against melanoma and breast cancer cell lines with GI50 values of 0.7 μM and 0.8 μM, respectively. EF24 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and DU-145 human prostate cancer cells. EF24 increases the levels of activated caspase 3 and 9, and decreases the phosphorylated forms of MEK1 and ERK.
    EF24
  • HY-W250111
    Carboxymethyl chitosan
    		Inhibitor
    Carboxymethyl chitosan is a derivative of chitosan. Carboxymethyl chitosan inhibits Apoptosis and ROS. Carboxymethyl chitosan increases the expression of Bcl-2 and reduces the expression of Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3. Carboxymethyl chitosan inhibits the migration of various cells. Carboxymethyl chitosan exerts antitumor effects on Lewis tumors and hepatocarcinoma.
    Carboxymethyl chitosan
  • HY-10295A
    SB 202190 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.66%
    SB 202190 hydrochloride is a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 100 nM for p38α and p38β2, respectively. SB 202190 hydrochloride binds to the ATP pocket of the active recombinant human p38 kinase with a Kd of 38 nM. SB 202190 hydrochloride has anti-cancer activity. SB202190 hydrochloride induces autophagy.
    SB 202190 hydrochloride
  • HY-106634
    Mitoguazone
    		Inducer 99.33%
    Mitoguazone (Methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone)) is a synthetic polycarbonyl derivative with potent antineoplastic activity. Mitoguazone is a brain-penetrant and competitive S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) inhibitor that disrupts polyamine biosynthesis. Mitoguazone induces cell apoptosis. Mitoguazone inhibits HIV DNA integration into the cellular DNA in both monocytes and macrophages. Mitoguazone has the potential for acute leukemia, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment.
    Mitoguazone
  • HY-N2535
    Coniferaldehyde
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    Coniferaldehyde (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Coniferaldehyde has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Coniferaldehyde
  • HY-15764
    A 419259
    		Inducer 99.75%
    A 419259 is a broad-spectrum pyrrolo-pyrimidine inhibitor, has high selectivity towards the Src family. A 419259 shows inhibitory effect for Src, Lck and Lyn with IC50 of 9 nM, <3 nM and <3 nM, respectively.
    A 419259
  • HY-A0077
    Perphenazine
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Perphenazine is an orally active dopamine receptor and histamine-1 receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 0.56 nM (D2), 0.43 nM (D3), 6 nM (5-HT2A), respectively. Perphenazine also binds to Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor. Perphenazine inhibits cancer cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Perphenazine can be used in the research of mental disease, cancer, inflammation.
    Perphenazine
  • HY-12220
    MM-102
    		99.39%
    MM-102 (HMTase Inhibitor IX) is a cell-permeable and tightly binding inhibitor of MLL1-WDR5 interaction (IC50=2.4 nM). MM-102 can specifically inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of leukemia cells containing MLL1 fusion protein, and reduce renal fibrosis and inflammation in mice with ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, MM-102 also acts as an H3K4 histone methyltransferase inhibitor to improve the development of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos.
    MM-102
  • HY-B0356B
    Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) hydrochloride monohydrate is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity.
    Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate
  • HY-W002585
    O6-Benzylguanine
    		Inducer 99.92%
    O6-Benzylguanine, a guanine analog, is the DNA repair enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (MGMT/AGT) inhibitor. O6-Benzylguanine acts as an AGT substrate, which transfers its benzyl group to the AGT cysteine residue, thereby irreversibly inactivating AGT and preventing DNA repair. O6-Benzylguanine induces tumor cell apoptosis. Antineoplastic activity.
    O6-Benzylguanine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity