2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-115445
    LCS-1
    		Inducer 99.81%
    LCS-1 is a superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) inhibitor. LCS-1 inhibits SOD1 activity with an IC50 value of 1.07 μM. LCS-1 induces the early- and late-stage apoptosis of multiple myeloma (MM.1S) cells.
    LCS-1
  • HY-13734
    PX-12
    		Inducer 99.87%
    PX-12(IV-2) is an irreversible inhibitor of Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1); inhibits the growth of MCF-7 and HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 1.9 and 2.9 μM, respectively.
    PX-12
  • HY-N0036
    Costunolide
    		Inducer 99.69%
    Costunolide ((+)-Costunolide) is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone, with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, bone remodeling, neuroprotective, hair growth promoting, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Costunolide can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on breast cancer cells.
    Costunolide
  • HY-13271
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.31%
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Tubastatin A HCl) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A Hydrochloride also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
  • HY-12874
    CASIN
    		Inducer 99.89%
    CASIN is a selective GTPase Cdc42 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2 uM. CASIN can be used for the research of cancer.
    CASIN
  • HY-13241
    Ralimetinib dimesylate
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Ralimetinib dimesylate (LY2228820 dimesylate) is a selective, ATP-competitive inhibitor of p38 MAPK α/β with IC50s of 5.3 and 3.2 nM, respectively. Ralimetinib (LY2228820) selectively inhibits phosphorylation of MK2 (Thr334), with no effect on phosphorylation of p38a MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, c-Jun, ATF2, or c-Myc.
    Ralimetinib dimesylate
  • HY-N0662
    Amentoflavone
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Amentoflavone (Didemethyl-ginkgetin) is a potent and orally active GABA(A) negative modulator. Amentoflavone also shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-fungal, antibacterial activity. Amentoflavone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase.
    Amentoflavone
  • HY-13630
    Etoposide phosphate
    		Inducer 99.44%
    Etoposide phosphate (BMY-40481) is a potent anti-cancer chemotherapy agent and a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor to prevent re-ligation of DNA strands. Etoposide phosphate is the phosphate ester proagent of etoposide and is considered as active equivalent to Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
    Etoposide phosphate
  • HY-N0411
    β-Carotene
    		Inducer 99.01%
    β-Carotene (Provitamin A), a carotenoid compound, is a naturally-occurring vitamin A precursor. β-Carotene is a modulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. β-Carotene may serve as an antioxidant or as a prooxidant, depending on its intrinsic properties as well as on the redox potential of the biological environment in which it acts. β-Carotene induces breast cancer cells apoptosis, with anticancer activities.
    β-Carotene
  • HY-N0667
    L-Asparagine
    		≥98.0%
    L-Asparagine is an essential amino acid for leukemic cells and a substrate for L-Asparaginase. L-Asparaginase is a potent anti-leukemic enzyme that promotes asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) depletion and inhibits protein biosynthesis in lymphoblasts. Removal of L-asparagine from plasma by L-Asparaginase results in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent apoptosis. L-Asparaginase has cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo, and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells with low asparagine synthetase (AASNS) expression. L-Asparagine can be used as a biomarker and sensor for the study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    L-Asparagine
  • HY-N0484
    Liensinine
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Liensinine is an autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor. Liensinine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid, extracted from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, has a wide range of biological activities, including anti-arrhythmias, anti-hypertension, anti-pulmonary fibrosis, relaxation on vascular smooth muscle, etc.
    Liensinine
  • HY-13701
    Nelarabine
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Nelarabine (506U78) is a nucleoside analogue and can be used for the research of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
    Nelarabine
  • HY-N0605
    Ginsenoside Rh2
    		Inducer 98.87%
    Ginsenoside Rh2 (20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2) induces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner.
    Ginsenoside Rh2
  • HY-109539
    Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
    		Inducer 98.00%
    Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a humanized immunoglobulin (IgG4) antibody directed against CD33 that is conjugated to the cytotoxic agent Calicheamicin (HY-19609). The antibody portion is Gemtuzumab (HY-P99971), and the drug-linker conjugate for ADC is N-Ac-γ-Calicheamicin-AcBut-NHS ester (HY-103688). Gemtuzumab ozogamicin can be used for the research of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
  • HY-N0551
    Wedelolactone
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Wedelolactone suppresses LPS-induced caspase-11 expression by directly inhibits the IKK Complex. Wedelolactone also inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) with an IC50 of 2.5 μM. Wedelolactone induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of PKCε without inhibiting Akt. Wedelolactone can extract from Eclipta alba, and it can be used for the research of cancer.
    Wedelolactone
  • HY-12048
    Chelerythrine chloride
    		Inducer 99.11%
    Chelerythrine chloride is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of protein kinase C, with an IC50 of 660 nM. Chelerythrine chloride inhibits the Bcl-XL-Bak BH3 peptide binding with IC50 of 1.5 μM and displaces Bax from Bcl-XL. Chelerythrine chloride induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Chelerythrine chloride
  • HY-50940
    AT7519
    		Inducer 99.76%
    AT7519 (AT7519M) as a potent inhibitor of CDKs, with IC50s of 210, 47, 100, 13, 170, and <10 nM for CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 to CDK6, and CDK9, respectively.
    AT7519
  • HY-13669
    Lomustine
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Lomustine (CCNU; NSC 79037) is a DNA alkylating agent, with antitumor activity.
    Lomustine
  • HY-N0644
    Carnosic acid
    		Inducer 99.15%
    Carnosic acid is an orally active lipid absorption inhibitor. Carnosic acid has demonstrated inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation, suppression of cell proliferation, and antibacterial activity.
    Carnosic acid
  • HY-Y0669
    Pipecolic acid
    		99.92%
    Pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine and an immunomodulator, which can induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. Pipecolic acid inhibits ferroptosis in diabetic retinopathy through the YAP-GPX4 signaling pathway. Pipecolic acid can induce apoptosis in neuronal cells. In addition, Pipecolic acid can be used as a diagnostic marker for pyridoxin-dependent epilepsy.
    Pipecolic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity