2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-112885C
    nor-NOHA dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.85%
    nor-NOHA dihydrochloride is a selective and reversible arginase inhibitor. nor-NOHA dihydrochloride induces apoptosis in ARG2-expressing cells under hypoxia. nor-NOHA dihydrochloride has anti-leukemic activity. nor-NOHA dihydrochloride can used in study endothelial dysfunction, immunosuppression and metabolism.
    nor-NOHA dihydrochloride
  • HY-A0003R
    Lenalidomide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lenalidomide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lenalidomide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lenalidomide (CC-5013), a derivative of Thalidomide, acts as molecular glue. Lenalidomide is an orally active immunomodulator. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is a ligand of ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), and it causes selective ubiquitination and degradation of two lymphoid transcription factors, IKZF1 and IKZF3, by the CRBN-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) specifically inhibits growth of mature B-cell lymphomas, including multiple myeloma, and induces IL-2 release from T cells.
    Lenalidomide (Standard)
  • HY-164546
    WB436B
    		Inducer 99.93%
    WB436B is a highly selective STAT3 inhibitor. WB436B can selectively inhibit STAT3-Tyr705 phosphorylation and the expression of STAT3 target genes, showing cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. WB436B can suppress tumor growth and metastasis in pancreatic cancer mouse models, extending the survival of tumor-bearing mice.
    WB436B
  • HY-13803R
    Tazemetostat (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tazemetostat (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tazemetostat. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tazemetostat (EPZ-6438) is a potent, selective and orally available EZH2 inhibitor. Tazemetostat inhibits the activity of human polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-containing wild-type EZH2 with a Ki value of 2.5 nM. Tazemetostat inhibits EZH2 with IC50s of 11 and 16 nM in peptide assay and nucleosome assay, respectively. Tazemetostat inhibits rat EZH2 with an IC50 of 4 nM. Tazemetostat also inhibits EZH1 with an IC50 of 392 nM. Tazemetostat induces apoptosis and differentiation specifically in SMARCB1-deleted MRT cells.
    Tazemetostat (Standard)
  • HY-B0215S
    Acetylcysteine-d3
    		Modulator
    Acetylcysteine-d3 is the deuterium labeled Acetylcysteine. Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities. In addition, Acetylcysteine is the most stable form of cysteine during drug delivery and can be used in disulfidptosis studies.
    Acetylcysteine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N3376
    Liriodenine
    		Inducer
    Liriodenine (Spermatheridine; VLT045) is an aporphine alkaloid isolated from the plant?Mitrephora sirikitiae?and has anti-cancer activities. Liriodenine induces cell apoptosis, activates the intrinsic pathway by induction of caspase-3 and caspase-9.
    Liriodenine
  • HY-W009749CS
    (S)-Cystathionine-d4
    (S)-Cystathionine-d4 is the deuterium labeled (S)-Cystathionine.
    (S)-Cystathionine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-110245
    DMH2
    		Inducer 99.6%
    DMH2 is a potent BMP receptor antagonist. DMH2 downregulates the expression of Id1 and Id3 proteins, and inhibits the proliferation and induces cell death of lung cancer cell lines.
    DMH2
  • HY-14943
    Darinaparsin
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Darinaparsin (ZIO-101), an organic arsenical, is a mitochondrial-targeted agent. Darinaparsin induces apoptosis in ancer cells, and has anticancer effects.
    Darinaparsin
  • HY-122895A
    (E/Z)-E64FC26
    		Inducer 98.09%
    (E/Z)-E64FC26 is a mixture complex of E-E64FC26 and Z-E64FC26. E64FC26 (E-E64FC26) is a potent pan-inhibitor of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, with IC50s of 1.9, 20.9, 25.9, 16.3, and 25.4 μM against PDIA1, PDIA3, PDIA4, TXNDC5, and PDIA6. E64FC26 shows anti-myeloma activity.
    (E/Z)-E64FC26
  • HY-13966S2
    2-Deoxy-D-glucose-13C
    		≥98.0%
    2-Deoxy-D-glucose-13C is the 13C labeled 2-Deoxy-D-glucose. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose is a glucose analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor of glucose metabolism, inhibiting glycolysis via its actions on hexokinase.
    2-Deoxy-D-glucose-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-18756A
    NSC-87877 disodium
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    NSC-87877 disodium is a potent inhibitor of Shp2 and Shp1 protein tyrosine phosphatases (SH-PTP2 and SH-PTP1), with IC50 values of 0.318 μM, 0.355 μM shp2 and shp1, respectively. NSC-87877 also inhibits dual-specificity phosphatase 26 (DUSP26).
    NSC-87877 disodium
  • HY-B0523
    Anagrelide
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Anagrelide is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III (PDE3) (IC50=36 nM). Anagrelide, an imidazoquinazoline derivative, acts as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Anagrelide inhibits bone marrow megakaryocytopoiesis. Anagrelide decreases gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cell proliferation and promotes their apoptosis in vitro. Anagrelide is a platelet-lowering agent and plays in the antithrombopoietic action.
    Anagrelide
  • HY-14541S
    Olanzapine-d3
    		Inducer 99.09%
    Olanzapine-d3 is the deuterium labeled Olanzapine. Olanzapine is a selective, orally active monoaminergic antagonist with high affinity binding to serotonin H1, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT3, 5HT6 (Ki=7, 4, 11, 57, and 5 nM, respectively), dopamine D1-4 (Ki=11 to 31 nM), muscarinic M1-5 (Ki=1.9-25 nM), and adrenergic α1 receptors (Ki=19 nM). Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic.
    Olanzapine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-16187
    EL-102
    		Inducer 99.44%
    EL-102 is a hypoxia-induced factor 1 (Hif1α) inhibitor. EL-102 induces apoptosis, inhibits tubulin polymerisation and shows activities against prostate cancer. EL-102 can be used for the research of cancer.
    EL-102
  • HY-113534
    MV1
    		Inducer 98.65%
    MV1 is an antagonist of IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis protein), leads to protein knockdown of HaloTag-fused proteins when combined with HaloTag ligand.
    MV1
  • HY-119037
    UK-101
    		Inducer 99.58%
    UK-101 is a potent and selective immunoproteasome β1i (LMP2) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 104 nM, displays 144- and 10-fold selectivity over β1c (IC50=15 μM) and β5 subunit (IC50=1 μM), respectivey. UK-101 induces cell apoptosis and can be used for the study of prostate cancer.
    UK-101
  • HY-132202
    PD-1/PD-L1-IN-10
    		Inducer 99.61%
    PD-1/PD-L1-IN-10 (compound B2) is an orally active PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor (IC50 of 2.7 nM) with potent anticancer efficacy.
    PD-1/PD-L1-IN-10
  • HY-138059
    SM-433
    		Inducer 99.01%
    SM-433, a Smac mimetic, function as inhibitor of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). SM-433 exhibits strong binding affinity XIAP BIR3 protein with an IC50<1 μM (patent WO2008128171A2).
    SM-433
  • HY-126257
    AKT-IN-3
    		99.29%
    AKT-IN-3 (compound E22) is a potent, orally active low hERG blocking Akt inhibitor, with 1.4 nM, 1.2 nM and 1.7 nM for Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, respectively. AKT-IN-3 (compound E22) also exhibits good inhibitory activity against other AGC family kinases, such as PKA, PKC, ROCK1, RSK1, P70S6K, and SGK. AKT-IN-3 (compound E22) induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis of cancer cells.
    AKT-IN-3
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity