2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-19543
    Brusatol
    		Activator 99.89%
    Brusatol (NSC?172924) is a unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells to Cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents. Brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism. Brusatol can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent. Brusatol increases cellular apoptosis.
    Brusatol
  • HY-117433
    4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide is the active metabolite form of the precursor Cyclophosphamide. 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide cross-links DNA to induce T cell apoptosis independent of caspase receptor activation, and can activate the mitochondrial death pathway by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide can be used in the study of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diseases.
    4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide
  • HY-13820
    GSK2656157
    		Inducer 99.66%
    GSK2656157 is a selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) with an IC50 of 0.9 nM.
    GSK2656157
  • HY-N0183
    Formononetin
    		Inducer 98.99%
    Formononetin is a potent FGFR2 inhibitor with an IC50 of ~4.31 μM. Formononetin potently inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth.
    Formononetin
  • HY-19991
    BMS-1
    		Inducer 99.71%
    BMS-1 is an inhibitor of the PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction (IC50 between 6 and 100 nM).
    BMS-1
  • HY-50910
    Temsirolimus
    		Inducer 99.56%
    Temsirolimus is an inhibitor of mTOR with an IC50 of 1.76 μM. Temsirolimus activates autophagy and prevents deterioration of cardiac function in animal model.
    Temsirolimus
  • HY-13821
    Epoxomicin
    		Inducer 99.39%
    Epoxomicin (BU-4061T) is an epoxyketone-containing natural product and a potent, selective and irreversible proteasome inhibitor. Epoxomicin covalently binds to the LMP7, X, MECL1, and Z catalytic subunits of the proteasome and potently inhibits primarily the chymotrypsin-like activity. Epoxomicin can cross the blood-brain barrier. Epoxomicin has strongly antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity.
    Epoxomicin
  • HY-18174
    Prexasertib
    		Inducer 98.74%
    Prexasertib (LY2606368) is a selective, ATP-competitive second-generation checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor with a Ki of 0.9 nM and an IC50 of <1 nM. Prexasertib inhibits CHK2 (IC50=8 nM) and RSK1 (IC50=9 nM). Prexasertib causes double-stranded DNA breakage and replication catastrophe resulting in apoptosis. Prexasertib shows potent anti-tumor activity.
    Prexasertib
  • HY-134901
    WM-3835
    		Inducer 99.78%
    WM-3835 is a potent and high-specific HBO1 (KAT7 or MYST2) inhibitor and binds directly to the acetyl-CoA binding site of HBO1. WM-3835 activates apoptosis while inhibits osteosarcoma (OS) cell proliferation, migration and invasion. WM-3835 has antitumor activity and potently inhibits pOS-1 xenograft growth in mice.
    WM-3835
  • HY-19980
    Eprenetapopt
    		Inducer 99.52%
    Eprenetapopt (APR-246) is a first-in-class, small molecule that restores wild-type p53 functions in TP53-mutant cells. Eprenetapopt triggers apoptosis in tumor cells. Eprenetapopt also targets the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), a key regulator of cellular redox balance.
    Eprenetapopt
  • HY-N0141
    Parthenolide
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone found in the medicinal herb Feverfew. Parthenolide exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation; also inhibits HDAC1 protein without affecting other class I/II HDACs.
    Parthenolide
  • HY-15036
    Diclofenac
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Diclofenac is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac
  • HY-B0214
    Prednisone
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Prednisone (Adasone) is a corticosteroid agent with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects that can be used to study diseases related to systemic lupus erythematosus.
    Prednisone
  • HY-15682
    TTNPB
    		Inducer 99.85%
    TTNPB is a highly potent RAR agonist. Competitive binding assays using human RARs yield IC50s of α=5.1 nM, β= 4.5 nM, and γ=9.3 nM, respectively.
    TTNPB
  • HY-15494
    Picropodophyllin
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Picropodophyllin (AXL1717) is a selective insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1 nM.
    Picropodophyllin
  • HY-15723A
    NSC 23766 trihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.41%
    NSC 23766 trihydrochloride is an inhibitor of Rac1 activation.
    NSC 23766 trihydrochloride
  • HY-78131
    Ibuprofen
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) is a potent, orally active, selective COX-1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 13 μM. Ibuprofen inhibits cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and induces cell apoptosis. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent and a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) can be used in the research of pain, swelling, inflammation, infection, immunology, cancers.
    Ibuprofen
  • HY-100806
    Kynurenic acid
    		Inducer 99.21%
    Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8.
    Kynurenic acid
  • HY-N2027
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties.
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
  • HY-N2334
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) is a relatively toxic bile salt generated in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid inhibits Autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH in human normal liver cells, leading to the Apoptosis of human hepatocyte cells. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid induces stemness and chemoresistance via activating STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is promising for research in the field of cholestasis desease, hepatocellular carcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity