1. Signaling Pathways
  2. Apoptosis
  3. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-50094
    Pictilisib
    Inducer 99.80%
    Pictilisib (GDC-0941) is a potent inhibitor of PI3Kα with an IC50 of 3 nM, with modest selectivity against p110β (11-fold) and p110γ (25-fold).
    Pictilisib
  • HY-13324
    Bardoxolone methyl
    Inducer 99.31%
    Bardoxolone methyl (NSC 713200; RTA 402; CDDO Methyl ester) is a synthetic triterpenoid compound with potential antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities, acting as an activator of the Nrf2 pathway and an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway.
    Bardoxolone methyl
  • HY-13757
    Tamoxifen Citrate
    Inducer 99.88%
    Tamoxifen Citrate (ICI 46474) is an orally active, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which blocks estrogen action in breast cells and can activate estrogen activity in other cells, such as bone, liver, and uterine cells.Tamoxifen Citrate is a potent Hsp90 activator and enhances the Hsp90 molecular chaperone ATPase activity. Tamoxifen Citrate also potent inhibits infectious EBOV Zaire and Marburg (MARV) with IC50 of 0.1 μM and 1.8 μM, respectively. Tamoxifen Citrate activates autophagy and induces apoptosis. Tamoxifen Citrate also can induce gene knockout of CreER transgenic mouse.
    Tamoxifen Citrate
  • HY-112288
    C188-9
    Inducer 99.90%
    C188-9 (TTI-101) is a STAT3 inhibitor, with a Kd of 4.7 nM. C188-9 inhibits G-CSF-induced STAT3 activation and STAT3-dependent gene expression. C188-9 induces apoptosis in AML cell lines and primary samples and inhibits colony formation by primary AML blasts.
    C188-9
  • HY-13948A
    Angiotensin II human acetate
    Inducer 99.81%
    Angiotensin II human (Angiotensin II) acetate is a vasoconstrictor and a major bioactive peptide of the renin/angiotensin system. Angiotensin II human acetate plays a central role in regulating human blood pressure, which is mainly mediated by interactions between Angiotensin II and the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Angiotensin II human acetate stimulates sympathetic nervous stimulation, increases aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions. Angiotensin II human acetate induces growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, increases collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts, leading to thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and fibrosis. Angiotensin II human acetate also induces apoptosis. Angiotensin II human acetate induces capillary formation from endothelial cells via the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway.
    Angiotensin II human acetate
  • HY-Y0252
    L-Proline
    Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.
    L-Proline
  • HY-121320
    Raptinal
    Inducer ≥98.0%
    Raptinal, a agent that directly activates caspase-3, initiates intrinsic pathway caspase-dependent apoptosis. Raptinal is able to rapidly induce cancer cell death by directly activating the effector caspase-3, bypassing the activation of initiator caspase-8 and caspase-9.
    Raptinal
  • HY-13594
    Chlorin e6
    98.38%
    Chlorin e6 is a photosensitizer and has strong absorption peaks at wavelength of 402 and 662 nm, as well as exhibiting intense fluorescence at 668 nm. Chlorin e6 has antimicrobial efficacy and anticancer activity. Chlorin e6 induces cell apoptosis via caspase-3 activation and can be used for the research of cancer.
    Chlorin e6
  • HY-90001
    Ritonavir
    Inducer 99.96%
    Ritonavir (ABT 538) is an inhibitor of HIV protease used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. Ritonavir is also a SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.61 μM.
    Ritonavir
  • HY-130800
    Eragidomide
    Inducer 99.86%
    Eragidomide (CC-90009) is a first-in-class GSPT1-selective cereblon (CRBN) E3 ligase modulator, acts as a molecular glue. Eragidomide coopts the CRL4CRBN to selectively target GSPT1 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.
    Eragidomide
  • HY-N0523
    Gallic acid
    Inducer 99.99%
    Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities.
    Gallic acid
  • HY-15486
    Salubrinal
    Inducer 99.58%
    Salubrinal is a cell-permeable and selective inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation. Salubrinal acts as a dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (Dusp2) inhibitor and suppresses inflammation in anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Salubrinal has antiviral activity against HSV-1 and inhibits dephosphorylation of eIF2α mediated by the HSV-1 protein ICP34.5.
    Salubrinal
  • HY-50698
    BI 2536
    Inducer 99.95%
    BI 2536 is a dual PLK1 and BRD4 inhibitor with IC50s of 0.83 and 25 nM, respectively. BI-2536 suppresses IFNB (encoding IFN-β) gene transcription.
    BI 2536
  • HY-10355
    AKT inhibitor VIII
    Inducer 98.97%
    AKT inhibitor VIII (AKTi-1/2) is a cell-permeable quinoxaline compound that has been shown to potently, selectively, allosterically, and reversibly inhibit Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3 activity with IC50s of 58 nM, 210 nM, and 2119 nM, respectively.
    AKT inhibitor VIII
  • HY-127103
    FB23-2
    Inducer 99.93%
    FB23-2 is a potent and selective inhibitor of mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase FTO, with an IC50 of 2.6 μM. FB23-2 has anti-proliferation activity. FB23-2 can be used for the research of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    FB23-2
  • HY-15654
    Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate
    Inducer 99.86%
    Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA sodium) is an inhibitor of HDAC and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, used in cancer and infection research.
    Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate
  • HY-70063
    Buparlisib
    Inducer 99.90%
    Buparlisib (BKM120; NVP-BKM120) is a pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, with IC50s of 52, 166, 116 and 262 nM for p110α, p110β, p110δ and p110γ, respectively.
    Buparlisib
  • HY-101091
    Importazole
    Inducer 99.99%
    Importazole is a small molecule inhibitor of the nuclear transport receptor importin-β.
    Importazole
  • HY-B1625
    Deferoxamine
    Inducer 99.76%
    Deferoxamine (Deferoxamine B) is an iron chelator (binds to Fe(III) and many other metal cations), is widely used to reduce iron accumulation and deposition in tissues. Deferoxamine upregulates HIF-1α levels with good antioxidant activity. Deferoxamine also shows anti-proliferative activity, can induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Deferoxamine can be used in studies of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases as well as anti-cancer and anti-COVID-19.
    Deferoxamine
  • HY-13434A
    Ionomycin calcium
    Inducer 98.02%
    Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is a potent, selective calcium ionophore and an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus. Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is highly specific for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba). Ionomycin (SQ23377) promotes apoptosis. Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) also induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC).
    Ionomycin calcium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity