2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13819
    MK-8745
    		Inducer 99.08%
    MK-8745 is an aurora A kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 nM.
    MK-8745
  • HY-N0667S5
    L-Asparagine-d3 hydrate
    		99.64%
    L-Asparagine-d3 hydrate is the deuterium labeled L-Asparagine (HY-N0667). L-Asparagine is an essential amino acid for leukemic cells and a substrate for L-Asparaginase. L-Asparaginase is a potent anti-leukemic enzyme that promotes asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) depletion and inhibits protein biosynthesis in lymphoblasts. Removal of L-asparagine from plasma by L-Asparaginase results in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent apoptosis. L-Asparaginase has cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo, and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells with low asparagine synthetase (AASNS) expression. L-Asparagine can be used as a biomarker and sensor for the study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    L-Asparagine-d<sub>3</sub> hydrate
  • HY-N1373
    Sophoridine
    		Inducer 99.66%
    Sophoridine is a quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from Leguminous plant Sophora flavescens. Sophoridine induces apoptosis. Sophoridine has the potential to be a novel, potent and selective antitumor agent candidate for pancreatic cancer with well-tolerated toxicity.
    Sophoridine
  • HY-N6777
    Penicillic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.83%
    Penicillic acid is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Penicillic acid exhibits cytotoxicity in rat alveolar macrophages (AM) in vitro. Penicillic acid inhibits Fas ligand-induced apoptosis by blocking self-processing of caspase-8.
    Penicillic acid
  • HY-138962
    κ-Carrageenan
    		Inducer
    κ-Carrageenan is a natural polymer which predominantly available in red seaweeds. κ-Carrageenan is an effective agent carrier to deliver curcumin in cancer cells and to induce apoptosis. κ-carrageenan serves as a potential inflammatory agent that magnifies existing intestinal inflammation.
    κ-Carrageenan
  • HY-B0075S1
    Melatonin-d3
    		Modulator 99.81%
    Melatonin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    Melatonin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B1529A
    Citric acid triammonium
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Citric acid triammonium (Triammonium citrate) is formed by Citric acid (HY-N1428) reacting with ammonia in a molar ratio of 1:3. Citric acid triammonium can be used as the carbon source to prepare carbon quantum dots (CDs). Citric acid triammonium with higher nitrogen components might promote the nitrogen-based functional groups in CDs, leading to a more efficient emission-color tunability.
    Citric acid triammonium
  • HY-108610A
    Edelfosine
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Edelfosine (ET-18-OCH3) is a selective antitumour lipid targeting apoptosis through intracellular activation of Fas/CD95 Death receptor.
    Edelfosine
  • HY-17422R
    Acyclovir (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Acyclovir (Standard) is the analytical standard of Acyclovir. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acyclovir (Aciclovir) is a potent, orally active antiviral agent. Acyclovir has antiherpetic activity with IC50 values of 0.85 μM and 0.86 μM for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis. Acyclovir prevents bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia.
    Acyclovir (Standard)
  • HY-12286
    PI-1840
    		Inducer 98.78%
    PI-1840 is a potent and selective chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) inhibitor for with an IC50 value of 27 nM. PI-1840 inhibits cell proliferation and arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase. PI-1840 induces apoptosis and induces autophagy. PI-1840 induces the accumulation of proteasome substrates p27, Bax, and IκB-α.
    PI-1840
  • HY-N0863
    Methyl protodioscin
    		Inducer 98.05%
    Methyl protodioscin(NSC-698790) is a furostanol bisglycoside with antitumor properties; shows to reduce proliferation, cause cell cycle arrest.
    Methyl protodioscin
  • HY-N0148R
    Rutin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Rutin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rutin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin is also a CBR1 inhibitor, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
    Rutin (Standard)
  • HY-B0896
    Triacetin
    		Inducer 99.58%
    Triacetin (Glyceryl triacetate) is a synthetic compound that is a triester of glycerol and acetic acid, orally active. Triacetin increases acetate bioavailability in glioma cells. Triacetin induces glioma cell growth arrest and Apoptosis. Triacetin freely crosses the blood brain barrier/plasma membrane. Triacetin increases histone acetylation and enhances Temozolomide (HY-17364) (TMZ) chemotherapeutic efficacy .
    Triacetin
  • HY-B0421S
    Mycophenolic acid-d3
    		99.59%
    Mycophenolic acid-d3 is deuterium labeled Mycophenolic acid, which is an an immunosuppresant agent and has potent anti-proliferative activity.
    Mycophenolic acid-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-129703B
    Thalidomide-PEG2-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Thalidomide-PEG2-C2-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 2-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-PEG2-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-126251
    CDK9-IN-7
    		Inducer 98.05%
    CDK9-IN-7 (compound 21e) is a selective, highly potent, and orally active CDK9/cyclin T inhibitor (IC50=11 nM), which exhibits more potent over other CDKs (CDK4/cyclinD=148 nM; CDK6/cyclinD=145 nM). CDK9-IN-7 shows antitumor activity without obvious toxicity. CDK9-IN-7 induces NSCLC cell apoptosis, arrests the cell cycle in the G2 phase, and suppresses the stemness properties of NSCLC.
    CDK9-IN-7
  • HY-B0965A
    Thioridazine
    		Inducer 99.50%
    Thioridazine, an antagonist of the dopamine receptor D2 family proteins, exhibits potent anti-psychotic and anti-anxiety activities. Thioridazine is also a potent inhibitor of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways with anti-angiogenic effect. Thioridazine shows antiproliferative and apoptosis induction effects in various types of cancer cells, with specificity on targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs).
    Thioridazine
  • HY-13326
    ASP3026
    		Inducer 99.88%
    ASP3026 is a selective and orally active inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). ASP3026 is a selective and oral active anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor with a IC50 value of 3.5 nM. ASP3026 can inhibit the phosphorylation of IGF-1R, STAT3, AKT and JNK proteins, and induce the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. It also inhibited ROS and ACK. ASP3026 can be used in anti-tumor research.
    ASP3026
  • HY-124136
    WYC-209
    		Inducer 99.82%
    WYC-209, a synthetic retinoid, is a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist. WYC-209 induces apoptosis primarily via the caspase 3 pathway (IC50=0.19 μM for inmalignant murine melanoma TRCs), and has long-term effects with little toxicity.
    WYC-209
  • HY-101198
    Clobenpropit dihydrobromide
    		Inducer 98.99%
    Clobenpropit dihydrobromide is a potent histamine H3R antagonist/inverse agonist with a pEC50 of 8.07 for histamine H3LR. Clobenpropit dihydrobromide acts as partial agonist at histamine H4 receptors (Ki 13 nM). Clobenpropit dihydrobromide also binds to serotonin 5-HT3 receptors (Ki 7.4 nM) and α2A/α2C adrenoceptors (Ki 17.4/7.8 nM). Clobenpropit dihydrobromide increases apoptosis.
    Clobenpropit dihydrobromide
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity