2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
  4. COX

COX

Cyclooxygenase

COX

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Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. Drugs, like Aspirin, that inhibit cyclooxygenase activity have been available to the public for about 100 years. Two cyclooxygenase isoforms have been identified and are referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. Under many circumstances the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (i.e., gastric mucosa) whereas COX-2 is inducible (i.e., sites of inflammation). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their effects through inhibition of COX. The main COX inhibitors are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

COX Isoform Specific Products:

COX Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0476S1
    Phenacetin-13C
    Phenacetin-13C is the 13C labeled Phenacetin. Phenacetin (Acetophenetidin) is a non-opioid analgesic/antipyretic agent. Phenacetin is a selective COX-3 inhibitor. Phenacetin is used as probe of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes and in rats.
    Phenacetin-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-17474AS
    Parecoxib-d5 sodium
    		Inhibitor
    Parecoxib-d5 sodium is the deuterium labeled Parecoxib sodium. Parecoxib Sodium (SC 69124A) is a highly selective and orally active COX-2 inhibitor, the proagent of Valdecoxib (HY-15762). Parecoxib Sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) and inhibits prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Parecoxib Sodium can be used for the relief of acute postoperative pain and symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in vivo.
    Parecoxib-d<sub>5</sub> sodium
  • HY-170585
    COX-2-IN-51
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2-IN-51 (E25) is a potent COX-2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 70.7 nM. COX-2-IN-51 significantly inhibits LPS-induced release of NO and PGE2, expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and activation of NF-κB pathway. COX-2-IN-51 exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in diverse murine models through inhibiting NF-κB pathway. COX-2-IN-51 has lower gastrointestinal side effects than Indomethacin (HY-14397).
    COX-2-IN-51
  • HY-155781
    Anti-inflammatory agent 53
    		Inhibitor
    Anti-inflammatory agent 53 (compound 7c) is an orally active selective COX-2 inhibitor. Anti-inflammatory agent 52 has anti-HT29 transfer activity, which leads to periodic arrest in S phase and G2/M phase. Anti-inflammatory agent 52 has safety, moderate ability to suppress inflammation. Anti-inflammatory agent 52 has a rare property of suppressing the development of tumor in mouse model, showing anti-cancer activity.
    Anti-inflammatory agent 53
  • HY-114873
    LY256548
    		Inhibitor
    LY256548 (LY25648) is an orally available anti-ischemic and anti-inflammatory compound with central nervous system activity. LY256548 is an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and COX, and inhibits A23187 (HY-N6687)-stimulated leukotriene B4 production. LY256548 inhibits bone damage and paw swelling in the rat Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis (FCA) model.
    LY256548
  • HY-N15530
    2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol
    		Inhibitor
    2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol is found in P. crocatum and Dirca palustris. 2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol is a COX-I inhibitor. 2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol has anti-inflammatory activity .
    2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol
  • HY-15037S
    Diclofenac-13C6 sodium heminonahydrate
    		Inhibitor
    Diclofenac-13C6 (sodium heminonahydrate) is the 13C-labeled Diclofenac Sodium. Diclofenac Sodium (GP 45840) is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac Sodium induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub> sodium heminonahydrate
  • HY-155159
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2 is a potent dual COX-2 and 15-LOX inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.065?μM and 1.86?μM, respectively. COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2 has potent antioxidant activity.
    COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2
  • HY-N7630
    Rehmapicrogenin
    		Inhibitor
    Rehmapicrogenin, isolated from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6.
    Rehmapicrogenin
  • HY-167734
    Pemedolac
    		Inhibitor
    Pemedolac (AY-30715) is a potent analgesic with significant pain-relief efficacy against chemically induced and inflammatory pain in animal models. Pemedolac displays a notable separation between analgesic effects and anti-inflammatory activity, achieving effective pain relief at much lower doses than those required for anti-inflammatory or gastric irritant effects. Pemedolac also shows low ulcerogenic potential, indicating a safer profile compared to standard NSAIDs while being utilized for the treatment of neurological, skin, and musculoskeletal disorders.
    Pemedolac
  • HY-N0043R
    Ginsenoside Rd (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Ginsenoside Rd (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside Rd. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Ginsenoside Rd also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC50s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively.
    Ginsenoside Rd (Standard)
  • HY-157127
    Ketoprofen L-thyroxine ester
    		Inhibitor
    Ketoprofen L-thyroxine ester is a prodrug of Ketoprofen. Ketoprofen L-thyroxine ester reservoir and release ketoprofen slowly in the brain.
    Ketoprofen L-thyroxine ester
  • HY-147811
    Heterophdoid A
    		Inhibitor
    Heterophdoid A (Compound 1) is an anti-inflammatory agent. Heterophdoid A inhibits NO production with an IC50 of 5.93 μM in BV-2 cells.
    Heterophdoid A
  • HY-172402
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide
    		Activator
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide is an agonist of VPAC1/VPAC2 receptor (G-protein-coupled receptors). Vasoactive intestinal peptide reduces corneal perforation rate, bacterial load, and excessive neutrophil infiltration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis models. Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhances anti-inflammatory mediators like IL-10 and TGF-β, inhibites pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and TNF-α, and upregulates lipid mediator-related enzymes (SOCS3, COX-2, ALOX12) to promote inflammation resolution. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is promising for research of ocular infectious diseases.
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • HY-161994
    COX-2-IN-47
    		Inhibitor
    COX-2-IN-47 (compound 6c ) is a selective COX-2 inhibitor with IC50 value of 0.03 μM. COX-2-IN-47 has antiedema activity.
    COX-2-IN-47
  • HY-121996
    Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide
    Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide (PGE2-EA), an analog of PGE2, can be formed enzymatically following COX-2 oxygenation of endocannabinoids. Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide (PGE2-EA) could modulate the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in human blood and human monocytic cells.
    Prostaglandin E2 Ethanolamide
  • HY-N1380S
    Guaiacol-d7
    Guaiacol-d7 is the deuterium labeled Guaiacol. Guaiacol, a phenolic compound, inhibits LPS-stimulated COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation. Anti-inflammatory activity.
    Guaiacol-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-N0147R
    Rutaecarpine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Rutaecarpine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rutaecarpine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rutaecarpine, an alkaloid of Evodia rutaecarpa, is an inhibitor of COX-2 with an IC50 value of 0.28 μM.
    Rutaecarpine (Standard)
  • HY-161513
    iNOS/COX-2-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    iNOS/COX-2-IN-1 (Compound 12e) is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). iNOS/COX-2-IN-1 inhibits the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways and thus exerts anti-inflammatory effects.
    iNOS/COX-2-IN-1
  • HY-N13040
    Isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside
    		Inhibitor
    Isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside is a flavonoid compound found in barley leaves. The total phenolic content (TPC) of isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside is positively correlated with COX-2 inhibitory activity, indicating anti-inflammatory activity. Isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside can be used in the study of inflammation.
    Isoscoparin-7-O-glucoside
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
COX Isoform Comparison

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