2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
  4. COX

COX

Cyclooxygenase

COX

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Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. Drugs, like Aspirin, that inhibit cyclooxygenase activity have been available to the public for about 100 years. Two cyclooxygenase isoforms have been identified and are referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. Under many circumstances the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (i.e., gastric mucosa) whereas COX-2 is inducible (i.e., sites of inflammation). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their effects through inhibition of COX. The main COX inhibitors are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

COX Isoform Specific Products:

COX Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0227S
    Ketoprofen-d3
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Ketoprofen-d3 is the deuterium labeled Ketoprofen. Ketoprofen (RP-19583) is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, acting as a potent inhibitor of COX, with IC50s of 2 nM and 26 nM for COX-1 and COX-2 in human blood monocytes, respectively.
    Ketoprofen-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-101482
    Ibuprofen piconol
    		Inhibitor 99.38%
    Ibuprofen piconol is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory (NSAID) agent for the topical relief of primary thermal burns and sunburns.
    Ibuprofen piconol
  • HY-N0523R
    Gallic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Gallic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Gallic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities.
    Gallic acid (Standard)
  • HY-A0273
    Propyphenazone
    		Inhibitor 99.85%
    Propyphenazone (4-Isopropylantipyrine) is an orally active nonacidic pyrazole nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Propyphenazone is a weak nonselective COX inhibitor. Propyphenazone has the effect of reducing pain and antipyretic activity with minimal anti-inflammatory activity.
    Propyphenazone
  • HY-B0476S
    Phenacetin-d5
    		Inhibitor 98.51%
    Phenacetin-d5 is the deuterium labeled Phenacetin. Phenacetin (Acetophenetidin) is a non-opioid analgesic/antipyretic agent. Phenacetin is a selective COX-3 inhibitor. Phenacetin is used as probe of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes and in rats.
    Phenacetin-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-14928A
    Lobeglitazone sulfate
    		Inhibitor 99.63%
    Lobeglitazone sulfate is a new type of thiazolidinedione. Lobeglitazone sulfate is the orally active agonist for PPAR with EC50 of 137.4 nM and 546.3 nM for PPARγ and PPARα. Lobeglitazone sulfate is the inhibitor for ERK/JNK/Smad/NF-κB signaling pathway. Lobeglitazone sulfate exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-fibrotic and anti-atherosclerotic properties.
    Lobeglitazone sulfate
  • HY-17479A
    Amfenac Sodium Hydrate
    		Inhibitor 99.07%
    Amfenac Sodium Hydrate is a COX-2 inhibitor.
    Amfenac Sodium Hydrate
  • HY-N0002R
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Standard) is the analytical standard of (-)-Epicatechin gallate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Epicatechin gallate) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 7.5 μM.
    (-)-Epicatechin gallate (Standard)
  • HY-N2459
    Peonidin chloride
    		Inhibitor 98.70%
    Peonidin chloride is an O-methylated anthocyanidin that functions as a primary plant pigment, endowing purplish-red hues to flowers such as the peony, from which it takes its name, as well as berries and vegetables. Peonidin chloride exhibits chemopreventive, as well as anti-inflammatory activities on cancer cells in vitro, blocking COX-2 expression and transformation in JB6 P+ mouse epidermal cells.
    Peonidin chloride
  • HY-15037R
    Diclofenac Sodium (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Diclofenac (Sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diclofenac (Sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diclofenac Sodium (GP 45840) is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac Sodium induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac Sodium (Standard)
  • HY-128473
    Valeryl salicylate
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Valeryl salicylate is a potent and irreversible cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitor. Valeryl salicylate shows anti-inflammatory effect.
    Valeryl salicylate
  • HY-114911
    Feprazone
    		Inhibitor 99.88%
    Feprazone (DA2370; Prenazone), an analogue of Phenylbutazone (HY-B0230), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Feprazone acts by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Feprazone ameliorates free fatty acid (FFA)-induced oxidative stress by reducing the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Feprazone can decrease the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Besides, Feprazone can suppress adipogenesis and increase lipolysis in differentiating 3 T3-L1 cells. Feprazone also can be used to research atherosclerosis and obesity.
    Feprazone
  • HY-129113
    α-​Chaconine
    		Inhibitor 99.76%
    α-Chaconine inhibits the expressions of COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α at the transcriptional level. α-Chaconine inhibits the LPS-induced expressions of iNOS and COX-2 at the protein and mRNA levels and their promoter activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Anti-inflammatory effects.
    α-​Chaconine
  • HY-N0001R
    (-)-Epicatechin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    (-)-Epicatechin (Standard) is the analytical standard of (-)-Epicatechin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.
    (-)-Epicatechin (Standard)
  • HY-126114
    Lupeol acetate
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Lupeol acetate is a derivative of Lupeol. Lupeol acetate is an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-trypanosomic and anticancer agent with oral activity. Lupeol acetate significantly improves the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis by down-regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines and osteoclast production. Lupeol acetate inhibits spermatogenesis in male rats and eventually led to infertility.
    Lupeol acetate
  • HY-Y0543
    5-Methylfurfural
    		99.96%
    5-Methylfurfural is a chemical that can be utilized as food additive, intermediate in the production of agrochemicals, and precursor of certain anti-cancer natural products. 5-Methylfurfural is formed during the photoexposition of ranitidine hydrochloride. 5-Methylfurfural is an organic compound. 5-Methylfurfural has a strong tendency to be further hydrogenated to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF). 5-Methylfurfural can predominantly evoke skin inflammation and barrier disintegration. 5-Methylfurfural degrades native DNA through the formation of single-strand breaks.
    5-Methylfurfural
  • HY-N0898R
    Catechin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Catechin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Catechin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Catechin ((+)-Catechin) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM.
    Catechin (Standard)
  • HY-17357S
    Nepafenac-d5
    		Inhibitor 98.84%
    Nepafenac-d5 is the deuterium labeled Nepafenac, which is a selective COX-2 inhibitor.
    Nepafenac-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-113445
    Thromboxane B3
    Thromboxane B3 is a prostaglandin analog derived from arachidonic acid (AA) in the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolic pathway. Thromboxane B3 is generated from arachidonic acid (AA) in platelets and vascular endothelial cells through the catalysis of cyclooxygenase (COX) and thromboxane synthase (TXS). Thromboxane B3 has been reported to be formed by human platelets upon ingestion of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5ω3).
    Thromboxane B3
  • HY-W011849
    Phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside
    		Inhibitor 99.85%
    Phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production, and the expression of iNOS and COX-2. Phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside also inhibits the nuclear translocation of NF-κB.
    Phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
COX Isoform Comparison

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