2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-50911
    Turofexorate isopropyl
    		99.77%
    Turofexorate isopropyl (FXR-450) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable FXR agonist with EC50 of 4 nM.
    Turofexorate isopropyl
  • HY-B1693
    Levomepromazine
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Levomepromazine (Methotrimeprazine) is an orally active antipsychotic compound and Ca2+ release inducer. Levomepromazine inhibits SERCA pump and induces an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. Levomepromazine has antagonistic effects on a variety of neurotransmitter receptors, including dopamine, cholinergic, serotonin, and histamine receptors. Levomepromazine can induce adaptive ER stress and autophagy. In addition, Levomepromazine has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and analgesic, sedative and anti-injurious activities. Levomepromazine can be used in the study psychiatric disorders and relieving nausea and vomiting.
    Levomepromazine
  • HY-146130
    ATG7-IN-2
    		Inhibitor 99.32%
    ATG7-IN-2 (compound 1) is a potent ATG7 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.089 μM. ATG7-IN-2 inhibits autophagy marker LC3B.
    ATG7-IN-2
  • HY-N0730
    Diosgenin glucoside
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Diosgenin glucoside, a saponin compound extracted from Trillium tschonoskii, provides neuroprotection by regulating microglial M1 polarization. Diosgenin glucoside protects against spinal cord injury by regulating autophagy and alleviating apoptosis .
    Diosgenin glucoside
  • HY-107811
    Harmol
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Harmol is an orally active β-carboline alkaloid. Harmol is a TFEB activator and monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Harmol can induce cell mitosis, Autophagy and Apoptosis. Harmol promotes the degradation of α-synuclein by regulating the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Harmol has anti-tumor, anti-depressant and anti-aging activities. Harmol improves motor impairment in a mouse Parkinson's disease model.
    Harmol
  • HY-15030A
    Naproxen sodium
    		Inducer 99.74%
    Naproxen sodium is a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor with IC50s of 8.72 and 5.15 μM, respectively in cell assay.
    Naproxen sodium
  • HY-122614
    S29434
    		Inducer 99.29%
    S29434 (NMDPEF) is a potent, competitive, selective and cell-permeable inhibitor of quinone reductase 2 (QR2), with IC50s ranging from 5 to 16 nM for human QR2 at different organizational levels, and has good selectivity for QR2 over QR1. S29434 induces autophagy and inhibits QR2-mediated ROS production.
    S29434
  • HY-N6939
    Pseudolaric Acid B
    		Inducer 99.47%
    Pseudolaric Acid B is an orally active diterpene acid. Pseudolaric Acid B has anti-fungal, anti-fertility, anti-angiogenesis and anticancer activity, and can induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy. In addition, Pseudolaric Acid B can inhibit the secretion of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and has immunosuppressive effect, selectively inhibiting the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the production of IL-2.
    Pseudolaric Acid B
  • HY-Y0148
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid
    		99.77%
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDAA) is a saturated fatty acid derived from 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, which can be isolated from royal jelly. 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid exhibits various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, anti-malarial, and anti-Leishmania properties, as well as enhancing antigen-specific immune responses. The anti-inflammatory effects of 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid are primarily mediated by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and the translation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), which reduces the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory cells. Additionally, 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid alleviates neuroinflammatory responses through the p53-autophagy pathway and the p53-NLRP3 pathway. Finally, 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid enhances antigen-specific immune responses by promoting the effective uptake of antigens by microfold cells.
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid
  • HY-50898B
    Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate (GW572016 ditosylate monohydrate) is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate
  • HY-15250
    JZL195
    		99.75%
    JZL195 is a selective and efficacious dual fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor with IC50s of 2 and 4 nM, respectively.
    JZL195
  • HY-137742
    SBP-7455
    		Inhibitor 98.01%
    SBP-7455 is a potent, high affinity and orally active dual ULK1/ULK2 autophagy inhibitor with IC50s of 13 nM and 476 nM in the ADP-Glo assays, respectively. SBP-7455 potently inhibits ULK1/2 enzymatic activity and can be used for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) research.
    SBP-7455
  • HY-N0762
    Isobavachin
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Isobavachin, an antioxidant isaolated from Psoralea corylifolia with a prenyl group at position 8 of ring A, promotes neuronal differentiation and the potential role of its protein prenylation.
    Isobavachin
  • HY-110228
    Metformin-d6 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Metformin-d6 hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.
    Metformin-d<sub>6</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-N1318
    Salvigenin
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Salvigenin is a natural polyphenolic compound, with neuroprotective effect. Salvigenin has antitumor cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties. Salvigenin inhibits H2O2-induced cell apoptosis.
    Salvigenin
  • HY-B2184
    Sofalcone
    		99.01%
    Sofalcone, a gastric antiulcer agent, is known to induce the expression of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in gastric epithelium.
    Sofalcone
  • HY-B0991
    Amoxapine
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Amoxapine (CL-67772) is a norepinephrine reuptake blocker and a 5-HT2/5-HT3 antagonist. Amoxapine can be used for the research of depression. Amoxapine has antibacterial activity. Amoxapine can enhance the killing effect of macrophages on mycobacterium by inducing autophagy, while protecting the cells from death.
    Amoxapine
  • HY-13715R
    Norepinephrine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Norepinephrine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Norepinephrine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine activates α1, α2, β1 receptors.
    Norepinephrine (Standard)
  • HY-Y1269S
    Ammonium chloride-15N
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Ammonium chloride-15N is the 15N labeled Ammonium chloride (HY-Y1269). Ammonium chloride, as a heteropolar compound with pH value regulation, can cause intracellular alkalization and metabolic acidosis thus effecting enzymatic activity and influencing the process of biological system. Ammonium chloride is an autophagy inhibitor. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride-<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-15465A
    KN-93 hydrochloride
    		99.64%
    KN-93 hydrochloride is a cell-permeable, reversible and competitive inhibitor calmodulin-dependent kinase type II (CaMKII) with a Ki of 370 nM.
    KN-93 hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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