2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15030A
    Naproxen sodium
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Naproxen sodium is a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor with IC50s of 8.72 and 5.15 μM, respectively in cell assay.
    Naproxen sodium
  • HY-122614
    S29434
    		Inducer 99.29%
    S29434 (NMDPEF) is a potent, competitive, selective and cell-permeable inhibitor of quinone reductase 2 (QR2), with IC50s ranging from 5 to 16 nM for human QR2 at different organizational levels, and has good selectivity for QR2 over QR1. S29434 induces autophagy and inhibits QR2-mediated ROS production.
    S29434
  • HY-18850
    MAPK13-IN-1
    		98.88%
    MPAK13-IN-1 is a MAPK13 (p38δ) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 620 nM.
    MAPK13-IN-1
  • HY-B0991
    Amoxapine
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Amoxapine (CL-67772) is a norepinephrine reuptake blocker and a 5-HT2/5-HT3 antagonist. Amoxapine can be used for the research of depression. Amoxapine has antibacterial activity. Amoxapine can enhance the killing effect of macrophages on mycobacterium by inducing autophagy, while protecting the cells from death.
    Amoxapine
  • HY-17506A
    Azithromycin hydrate
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Azithromycin hydrate is a macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
    Azithromycin hydrate
  • HY-15465A
    KN-93 hydrochloride
    		99.64%
    KN-93 hydrochloride is a cell-permeable, reversible and competitive inhibitor calmodulin-dependent kinase type II (CaMKII) with a Ki of 370 nM.
    KN-93 hydrochloride
  • HY-50898B
    Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate (GW572016 ditosylate monohydrate) is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib ditosylate monohydrate
  • HY-103706
    ROC-325
    		Inhibitor 99.61%
    ROC-325 is a potent and orally active autophagy inhibitor with a strong anticancer activity. ROC-325 induces the deacidification of lysosomes, accumulation of autophagosomes, and disrupted autophagic flux. ROC-325 also induces renal cell carcinoma apoptosis.
    ROC-325
  • HY-16586
    PFI-1
    		Inducer 99.87%
    PFI-1 is a selective BET (bromodomain-containing protein) inhibitor for BRD4 with IC50 of 0.22 μM in a cell-free assay.
    PFI-1
  • HY-15250
    JZL195
    		99.75%
    JZL195 is a selective and efficacious dual fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor with IC50s of 2 and 4 nM, respectively.
    JZL195
  • HY-50911
    Turofexorate isopropyl
    		99.76%
    Turofexorate isopropyl (FXR-450) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable FXR agonist with EC50 of 4 nM.
    Turofexorate isopropyl
  • HY-B0372A
    Bromhexine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Bromhexine hydrochloride is a potent and specific TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.75 μM. Bromhexine hydrochloride can prevent and manage SARS-CoV-2 infection. Bromhexine hydrochloride is an autophagy agonist. Bromhexine hydrochloride is a mucolytic cough suppressant and has the potential for a range of respiratory conditions.
    Bromhexine hydrochloride
  • HY-N0762
    Isobavachin
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Isobavachin, an antioxidant isaolated from Psoralea corylifolia with a prenyl group at position 8 of ring A, promotes neuronal differentiation and the potential role of its protein prenylation.
    Isobavachin
  • HY-114118B
    Semaglutide acetate
    		Activator 99.92%
    Semaglutide acetate is a long-acting, selective, competitive, orally active GLP-1R agonist that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After activating GLP-1R, Semaglutide acetate promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, and at the same time enhances autophagy, inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide acetate also regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism (such as reducing de novo lipogenesis in the liver). Semaglutide acetate has activities such as lowering blood sugar, reducing weight, neuroprotection (such as improving motor function in Parkinson's disease models, reducing α-synuclein aggregation) and improving hepatic steatosis. Semaglutide acetate can be used for the study of neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson's disease, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), and cancer.
    Semaglutide acetate
  • HY-N0231
    Bavachalcone
    		Activator 99.95%
    Bavachalcone is a potent inducer of apoptosis. Bavachalcone exerts anticancer activity by promoting autophagy and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Bavachalcone acts as an anti-neuroinflammatory and antidepressant through the NF-κB pathway. Bavachalcone inhibits osteoclasts by interfering with ERK and Akt signaling pathways and the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1. Bavachalcone exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on baculovirus-expressed BACE-1 in vitro.
    Bavachalcone
  • HY-N0674B
    Dehydrocorydaline (hydroxyl)
    		99.52%
    Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) hydroxyl is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP. Dehydrocorydaline hydroxyl elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Dehydrocorydaline hydroxyl shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability > 90%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain.
    Dehydrocorydaline (hydroxyl)
  • HY-P1029
    MLCK inhibitor peptide 18
    		98.04%
    MLCK inhibitor peptide 18 is a myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor with an IC50 of 50 nM, and inhibits CaM kinase II only at 4000-fold higher concentrations.
    MLCK inhibitor peptide 18
  • HY-Y1269S
    Ammonium chloride-15N
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Ammonium chloride-15N is the 15N labeled Ammonium chloride (HY-Y1269). Ammonium chloride, as a heteropolar compound with pH value regulation, can cause intracellular alkalization and metabolic acidosis thus effecting enzymatic activity and influencing the process of biological system. Ammonium chloride is an autophagy inhibitor. Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride-<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-B0015R
    Paclitaxel (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Paclitaxel (Standard) is the analytical standard of Paclitaxel. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Paclitaxel is a naturally occurring antineoplastic agent and stabilizes tubulin polymerization. Paclitaxel can cause both mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death. Paclitaxel also induces autophagy.
    Paclitaxel (Standard)
  • HY-10219R
    Rapamycin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rapamycin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rapamycin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
    Rapamycin (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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