2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N1318
    Salvigenin
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Salvigenin is a natural polyphenolic compound, with neuroprotective effect. Salvigenin has antitumor cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties. Salvigenin inhibits H2O2-induced cell apoptosis.
    Salvigenin
  • HY-B1071A
    Lasalocid sodium
    		Inducer 98.28%
    Lasalocid sodium (Lasalocid sodium-A) is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent that can be used as feed additives. Lasalocid sodium exhibits antitumor activity. Lasalocid sodium is orally active.
    Lasalocid sodium
  • HY-10130
    Veliparib dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Veliparib (dihydrochloride) is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 with Kis of 5.2 nM and 2.9 nM in cell-free assays, respectively.
    Veliparib dihydrochloride
  • HY-50908
    Ridaforolimus
    		Inducer 99.75%
    Ridaforolimus (MK-8669) is a potent and selective mTOR inhibitor; inhibits ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation with an IC50 of 0.2 nM in HT-1080 cells.
    Ridaforolimus
  • HY-W142080
    α-Methyl-DL-tryptophan
    		Inducer 99.92%
    α-Methyl-DL-tryptophan (α-Methyltryptophan), a tryptophan derivative, is a selective SLC6A14 blocker. In estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells, α-Methyl-DL-tryptophan inhibits mTOR and activates autophagy and apoptosis. α-Methyl-DL-tryptophan also has the effect of reducing weight.
    α-Methyl-DL-tryptophan
  • HY-118620
    Nortriptyline
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline), the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects. N
    Nortriptyline
  • HY-12703
    KSI-3716
    		98.94%
    KSI-3716 is a potent c-Myc inhibitor that blocks c-MYC/MAX binding to target gene promoters. KSI-3716 is an effective intravesical chemotherapy agent for bladder cancer.
    KSI-3716
  • HY-155994
    PIK5-12d
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    PIK5-12d is a PROTAC PIKfyve degrader (DC50: 1.48 nM). PIK5-12d induces massive cytoplasmic vacuolization and blocks autophagic flux in multiple prostate cancer cells. PIK5-12d inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation. PIK5-12d has anti-tumor activity.
    PIK5-12d
  • HY-B2184
    Sofalcone
    		98.84%
    Sofalcone, a gastric antiulcer agent, is known to induce the expression of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in gastric epithelium.
    Sofalcone
  • HY-15510
    Tenovin-6
    		Inhibitor 98.00%
    Tenovin-6, an analog of Tenovin-1 (HY-13423), is an activator of p53 transcriptional activity. Tenovin-6 inhibits the protein deacetylase activities of purified human SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3 with IC50s of 21 μM, 10 μM, and 67 μM, respectively. Tenovin-6 also inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).
    Tenovin-6
  • HY-N1462
    Atractyloside potassium salt
    		Activator 99.93%
    Atractyloside potassium salt is a powerful and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Atractyloside potassium salt inhibits chloride channels from mitochondrial membranes of rat heart. Atractyloside potassium salt activates autophagy, inhibits ANT2, mTOR and promotes the activation of p-AMPK. Atractyloside potassium salt has anti-cancer effects on non-small cell lung cancer and can inhibit liver steatosis. Atractylodesin potassium salt has nephrotoxicity.
    Atractyloside potassium salt
  • HY-131717
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH
    		Inducer 98.07%
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs, such as THAL-SNS-032 (HY-123937).
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COOH
  • HY-B0642
    Isosorbide mononitrate
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    Isosorbide mononitrate (Isosorbide-5-mononitrate) is an orally active nitric acid compound used for angina pectoris by dilating blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. Isosorbide mononitrate increases the viability and proliferation of HUVECs by decreasing Apoptosis and elevated the expressions of vedf, kdrl, pdgfr in zebrafish embryos. Isosorbide mononitrate is promising for research of heart failure and coronary heart disease.
    Isosorbide mononitrate
  • HY-B0098A
    Doxazosin mesylate
    		Inducer 98.49%
    Doxazosin mesylate (UK 33274 mesylate) is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.
    Doxazosin mesylate
  • HY-14596R
    Genistein (Standard)
    		Inducer 99.31%
    Genistein (Standard) is the analytical standard of Genistein. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.
    Genistein (Standard)
  • HY-B1693
    Levomepromazine
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Levomepromazine (Methotrimeprazine) is an orally active antipsychotic compound and Ca2+ release inducer. Levomepromazine inhibits SERCA pump and induces an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. Levomepromazine has antagonistic effects on a variety of neurotransmitter receptors, including dopamine, cholinergic, serotonin, and histamine receptors. Levomepromazine can induce adaptive ER stress and autophagy. In addition, Levomepromazine has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and analgesic, sedative and anti-injurious activities. Levomepromazine can be used in the study psychiatric disorders and relieving nausea and vomiting.
    Levomepromazine
  • HY-N0919
    Yangonin
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Yangonin exhibits affinity for the human recombinant cannabinoid CB1 receptor with an IC50 and a Ki of 1.79 μM and 0.72 μM, respectively.
    Yangonin
  • HY-110228
    Metformin-d6 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.79%
    Metformin-d6 hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.
    Metformin-d<sub>6</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-N0712
    Typhaneoside
    		Inhibitor 99.75%
    Typhaneoside, extracted from Typha angustifolia L., Typhaneoside can inhibit the excessive autophagy of hypoxia/reoxygenation cells and increase the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. Typhaneoside has certain effects on the cardiovascular system, including lowering blood lipid levels, promoting antiatherosclerosis activities, as well as improving immune and coagulation function.
    Typhaneoside
  • HY-107811
    Harmol
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Harmol is an orally active β-carboline alkaloid. Harmol is a TFEB activator and monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Harmol can induce cell mitosis, Autophagy and Apoptosis. Harmol promotes the degradation of α-synuclein by regulating the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Harmol has anti-tumor, anti-depressant and anti-aging activities. Harmol improves motor impairment in a mouse Parkinson's disease model.
    Harmol
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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