2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-16508
    Ulipristal acetate
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Ulipristal acetate (CDB-2914) is an orally active, selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM). Ulipristal acetate stimulates the autophagic response selectively in leiomyoma cells. Ulipristal acetate has the potential for benign gynecological conditions treatment, such as uterine myoma.
    Ulipristal acetate
  • HY-13237
    GSK2578215A
    		Inducer 99.82%
    GSK2578215A is a potent and highly selective LRRK2 inhibitor, which exhibits IC50s of around 10 nM against both wild-type LRRK2 and the G2019S mutant.
    GSK2578215A
  • HY-14380
    PF-3845
    		99.95%
    PF-3845 is a potent, selective, irreversible and orally active inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), with a Ki of 0.23 μM. PF-3845 is a covalent inhibitor that carbamylates FAAH's serine nucleophile. PF-3845 can reduce pain sensation, inflammation, and anxiety/depression without substantial effects on motility or cognition.
    PF-3845
  • HY-N0007
    (E,E)-Bisdemethoxycurcumin
    		Inducer 98.0%
    (E,E)-Bisdemethoxycurcumin ((E,E)-Curcumin III) is a curcumin derivative with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.
    (E,E)-Bisdemethoxycurcumin
  • HY-13538
    Gemcitabine elaidate
    		Inducer 98.90%
    Gemcitabine elaidate (CP-4126) is lipophilic pro-agent of Gemcitabine. Gemcitabine elaidate is converted to Gemcitabine by esterases in order to be phosphorylated. Gemcitabine elaidate exhibits anti-tumor activity.
    Gemcitabine elaidate
  • HY-N0231
    Bavachalcone
    		Activator 99.90%
    Bavachalcone is a potent inducer of apoptosis. Bavachalcone exerts anticancer activity by promoting autophagy and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Bavachalcone acts as an anti-neuroinflammatory and antidepressant through the NF-κB pathway. Bavachalcone inhibits osteoclasts by interfering with ERK and Akt signaling pathways and the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1. Bavachalcone exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on baculovirus-expressed BACE-1 in vitro.
    Bavachalcone
  • HY-N6626
    Pyraclostrobin
    		99.91%
    Pyraclostrobin is a highly effective and broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide. Pyraclostrobin can induce oxidative DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy through the activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Pyraclostrobin can be used to control crop diseases.
    Pyraclostrobin
  • HY-12694
    Prucalopride succinate
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Prucalopride succinate is an orally active, selective and specific 5-HT 4 receptor agonist (high affinity), with pKis of 8.6 and 8.1 for human 5-HT4a/4b receptors, respectively. Prucalopride succinate improves intestinal motility by promoting regeneration of the intestinal nervous system in rats. Prucalopride succinate also shows anticancer activity by blocking of the PI3K/AKT/mTor signaling pathway. Prucalopride succinate can be used in studies of chronic constipation, pseudo-intestinal obstruction and cancer.
    Prucalopride succinate
  • HY-B1071A
    Lasalocid sodium
    		Inducer 99.03%
    Lasalocid sodium (Lasalocid sodium-A) is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent that can be used as feed additives. Lasalocid sodium exhibits antitumor activity. Lasalocid sodium is orally active.
    Lasalocid sodium
  • HY-10219R
    Rapamycin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rapamycin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rapamycin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
    Rapamycin (Standard)
  • HY-10337
    Brivanib
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Brivanib (BMS-540215) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor against VEGFR2 with an IC50 of 25 nM, and has moderate potency against VEGFR-1 and FGFR-1, but >240-fold against PDGFR-β.
    Brivanib
  • HY-13896
    PD168393
    		Inducer 98.58%
    PD168393 is a potent, selective and cell-permeable inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase and ErbB2. PD168393 irreversiblely inactivates EGF receptor ( IC50=0.7 nM) and is inactive against insulin receptor, PDGFR, FGFR and PKC.
    PD168393
  • HY-101971
    AZ PFKFB3 26
    		Inhibitor 99.23%
    AZ PFKFB3 26 is a potent and selective PFKFB3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 23 nM. AZ PFKFB3 26 inhibits PFKFB1 and PFKFB2 with IC50s of 2.06 and 0.384 μM, respectively. AZ PFKFB3 26 can be used in the study of non-small cell lung cancer.
    AZ PFKFB3 26
  • HY-P0018B
    Pepstatin Ammonium
    		Inhibitor 99.76%
    Pepstatin (Pepstatin A) Ammonium is a specific, orally active aspartic protease inhibitor produced by actinomycetes, with IC50s of 4.5 nM, 6.2 nM, 150 nM, 290 nM, 520 nM and 260 nM for hemoglobin-pepsin, hemoglobin-proctase, casein-pepsin, casein-proctase, casein-acid protease and hemoglobin-acid protease, respectively. Pepstatin Ammonium also inhibits HIV protease.
    Pepstatin Ammonium
  • HY-148409
    MMRi62
    		Inducer 99.59%
    MMRi62, a ferroptosis inducer targeting MDM2-MDM4 (negative regulators of tumor suppressor p53). MMRi62 shows a P53-independent pro-apoptotic activity against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and induce autophagy. MMRi62 inducesferroptosis, resulting in a increase of reactive oxygen and lysosomal degradation of ferritin heavy chain (FTH1). MMRi62 also leads to proteasomal degradation of mutant p53, also inhibits orthotopic xenograft PDAC mouse model in vivo with high frequency mutation characteristics of KRAS and TP53.12.
    MMRi62
  • HY-14596R
    Genistein (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Genistein (Standard) is the analytical standard of Genistein. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.
    Genistein (Standard)
  • HY-103596
    Thalidomide-4-OH
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Thalidomide-4-OH (Cereblon ligand 2) is the Thalidomide-based Cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-4-OH (Cereblon ligand 2) can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-4-OH
  • HY-N0919
    Yangonin
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Yangonin exhibits affinity for the human recombinant cannabinoid CB1 receptor with an IC50 and a Ki of 1.79 μM and 0.72 μM, respectively.
    Yangonin
  • HY-N6074
    Soyasapogenol B
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Soyasapogenol B is a component of soy that has oral activity. Soyasapogenol B promotes autophagy and apoptosis. Soyasapogenol B has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities.
    Soyasapogenol B
  • HY-18850
    MAPK13-IN-1
    		98.88%
    MPAK13-IN-1 is a MAPK13 (p38δ) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 620 nM.
    MAPK13-IN-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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