2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13237
    GSK2578215A
    		Inducer 99.82%
    GSK2578215A is a potent and highly selective LRRK2 inhibitor, which exhibits IC50s of around 10 nM against both wild-type LRRK2 and the G2019S mutant.
    GSK2578215A
  • HY-10337
    Brivanib
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Brivanib (BMS-540215) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor against VEGFR2 with an IC50 of 25 nM, and has moderate potency against VEGFR-1 and FGFR-1, but >240-fold against PDGFR-β.
    Brivanib
  • HY-N0691
    Schisandrin
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Schisandrin (Schizandrin), a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan, is isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis Baill. Schisandrin exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Schisandrin also can reverses memory impairment in rats.
    Schisandrin
  • HY-B0294
    Flubendazole
    		Inducer 99.33%
    Flubendazole is an anthelmintic drug based on altering microtubule structure, inhibition of tubulin polymerization and disruption of microtubule function. Flubendazole induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer (CRC) by blocking the STAT3 signaling axis and activation of autophagy. Flubendazole induces P53 expression and reduced Cyclin B1 and p-cdc2 expression. Flubendazole is an antitumor agent. Flubendazole can be used for worm and intestinal parasites.
    Flubendazole
  • HY-13260
    CCT128930
    		Inducer 99.69%
    CCT128930 is a ATP-competitive and selective inhibitor of AKT (IC50=6 nM for AKT2). CCT128930 has 28-fold selectivity over the closely related PKA kinase (IC50=168 nM) through the targeting of Met282 of AKT (Met173 of PKA-AKT chimera), as well as 20-fold selectivity over p70S6K (IC50=120 nM). Antitumor activity.
    CCT128930
  • HY-17401
    Ranolazine dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Ranolazine dihydrochloride (CVT 303 dihydrochloride) is an anti-angina agent that achieves its effects by inhibiting the late phase of inward sodium current (INa and IKr with IC50 values of 6 μM and 12 μM, respectively) without affecting heart rate or blood pressure (BP). Ranolazine dihydrochloride is also a partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitor.
    Ranolazine dihydrochloride
  • HY-D0195
    Acesulfame potassium
    		Inhibitor 99.38%
    Acesulfame potassium is a synthetic sweetener. Long-term use of Acesulfame potassium can affect cognitive function, possibly by altering the neurometabolic functions in mice. Acesulfame potassium can suppress autophagic degradation of PD-L1 in RIL-175 and SK-Hep1 cells through the ERK1/2-mTORC1-ULK1 pathway, which may be related to immune evasion in cancer cells. Acesulfame potassium can be used in research on neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, and immune evasion.
    Acesulfame potassium
  • HY-N0674A
    Dehydrocorydaline chloride
    		99.75%
    Dehydrocorydaline chloride (13-Methylpalmatine chloride) is an alkaloid that regulates protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2; activates caspase-7, caspase-8, and inactivates PARP. Dehydrocorydaline chloride elevates p38 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Dehydrocorydaline chloride shows strong anti-malarial effects (IC50?=38 nM), and low cytotoxicity (cell viability?>?90%) using P. falciparum 3D7 strain.
    Dehydrocorydaline chloride
  • HY-19778
    (R)-BPO-27
    		99.94%
    (R)-BPO-27, the R enantiomer of BPO-27, is a potent, orally active and ATP-competitive CFTR inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 nM.
    (R)-BPO-27
  • HY-16508
    Ulipristal acetate
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Ulipristal acetate (CDB-2914) is an orally active, selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM). Ulipristal acetate stimulates the autophagic response selectively in leiomyoma cells. Ulipristal acetate has the potential for benign gynecological conditions treatment, such as uterine myoma.
    Ulipristal acetate
  • HY-23095
    Thalidomide-5-OH
    		Inducer 99.65%
    Thalidomide-5-OH is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5-OH can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-OH
  • HY-14380
    PF-3845
    		99.95%
    PF-3845 is a potent, selective, irreversible and orally active inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), with a Ki of 0.23 μM. PF-3845 is a covalent inhibitor that carbamylates FAAH's serine nucleophile. PF-3845 can reduce pain sensation, inflammation, and anxiety/depression without substantial effects on motility or cognition.
    PF-3845
  • HY-101971
    AZ PFKFB3 26
    		Inhibitor 99.23%
    AZ PFKFB3 26 is a potent and selective PFKFB3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 23 nM. AZ PFKFB3 26 inhibits PFKFB1 and PFKFB2 with IC50s of 2.06 and 0.384 μM, respectively. AZ PFKFB3 26 can be used in the study of non-small cell lung cancer.
    AZ PFKFB3 26
  • HY-N0007
    (E,E)-Bisdemethoxycurcumin
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    (E,E)-Bisdemethoxycurcumin ((E,E)-Curcumin III) is a curcumin derivative with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.
    (E,E)-Bisdemethoxycurcumin
  • HY-13265
    AR-42
    		Inducer 98.52%
    AR-42 (HDAC-42; OSU-HDAC42) is a potent, orally bioavailable pan-HDAC inhibitor (IC50=16 nM). AR-42 induces growth inhibition, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and activation of caspases-3/7. AR-42 promotes hyperacetylation of H3, H4, and alpha-tubulin, and up-regulation of p21. AR-42 shows cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines.
    AR-42
  • HY-10424
    Milciclib
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Milciclib (PHA-848125) is a potent, ATP-competitive and dual inhibitor of CDK and Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK), with IC50s of 45, 150, 160, 363, 398 nM and 53 nM for cyclin A/CDK2, cyclin H/CDK7, cyclin D1/CDK4, cyclin E/CDK2, cyclin B/CDK1 and TRKA, respectively.
    Milciclib
  • HY-124632
    WJ460
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    WJ460 is a potent inhibitor of myoferlin (MYOF) that interacts directly with MYOF. WJ460 inhibits the migration and growth, induces cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial autophagy, lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in tumor cells. WJ460 has anti-tumor activity.
    WJ460
  • HY-B0984
    Fendiline hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.78%
    Fendiline hydrochloride, a diphenylalkylamine type of antianginal agent, is an L-type calcium channel blocker (IC50 of 17 µM). Fendiline hydrochloride is also a selective K-Ras inhibitor, and has no effect on H-Ras and N-Ras. Fendiline hydrochloride inhibits K-Ras plasma membrane localization (IC50 of 9.64 μM), inhibits K-Ras signal output and blocks the proliferation of pancreatic, colon, lung, and endometrial cancer cell lines expressing oncogenic mutant K-Ras. Fendiline hydrochloride is a STING agonist and is able to inhibit the growth of multiple refractory cold tumors (MC38, CT26 and B16F10).
    Fendiline hydrochloride
  • HY-B1039A
    Ambroxol hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Ambroxol hydrochloride (NA-872 hydrochloride), an active metabolite of the proagent Bromhexine, has potent expectorant effects. Ambroxol hydrochloride is a glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone and increases glucocerebrosidase activity. Ambroxol hydrochloride induces lung autophagy and has the potential for Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease research.
    Ambroxol hydrochloride
  • HY-N6257
    Cafestol
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Cafestol is an orally active diterpenoid and an inhibitor of ERK2. Cafestol has elevated blood lipids, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-diabetic activities. In addition, Cafestol induces tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy, which can be used in the study of cancer.
    Cafestol
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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