2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10448A
    Capsaicin (Purity 65%)
    		Inducer 99.20%
    Capsaicin (Purity 65%) is a mixture of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin (Ratio >2:1). Capsaicin (Purity 65%) is an orally active capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) agonist.
    Capsaicin (Purity 65%)
  • HY-N9481
    Lipoteichoic acid
    		Inducer
    Lipoteichoic acid is an orally effect anti-inflammatory and antitumor agent. Lipoteichoic acid is a crucial immune molecule in Gram-positive bacteria that activates the complement system by inducing C3 and inhibiting CD55. Lipoteichoic acid regulates macrophage autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Lipoteichoic acid induces lung damage in mice. Lipoteichoic acid inhibits the production of melanin.
    Lipoteichoic acid
  • HY-50878A
    Crizotinib hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Crizotinib hydrochloride (PF-02341066 hydrochloride) is an orally bioavailable, selective, and ATP-competitive dual ALK and c-Met inhibitor with IC50s of 20 and 8 nM, respectively. Crizotinib hydrochloride (PF-02341066 hydrochloride) inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of NPM-ALK and tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Met with IC50s of 24 and 11 nM in cell-based assays, respectively. It is also a ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) inhibitor. Crizotinib hydrochloride (PF-02341066 hydrochloride) has effective tumor growth inhibition.
    Crizotinib hydrochloride
  • HY-108766
    Ponatinib hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Ponatinib hydrochloride (AP24534 hydrochloride) is a hydrochloride of ponatinib. Ponatinib is an orally active multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 0.37 nM, 1.1 nM, 1.5 nM, 2.2 nM, and 5.4 nM for Abl, PDGFRα, VEGFR2, FGFR1, and Src, respectively.
    Ponatinib hydrochloride
  • HY-12406
    VLX600
    		Inducer 99.80%
    VLX600 is an iron-chelating inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). VLX600 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and induces a strong shift to glycolysis. VLX600 displays selective cytotoxic activity against malignant cell and induces autophagy. Anticancer activity.
    VLX600
  • HY-B0107
    Acitretin
    		Inducer 99.62%
    Acitretin (Ro 10-1670) is a second-generation, systemic retinoid that has been used in the treatment of psoriasis. Acitretin also can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease.
    Acitretin
  • HY-12839
    p38 MAPK-IN-1
    		99.58%
    p38 MAPK-IN-1 (Compound 4) is a novel potent and selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK with IC50 of 68 nM. p38 MAPK-IN-1 shows sustained levels, low clearance and good bioavailability.
    p38 MAPK-IN-1
  • HY-N0893
    Tetrahydrocurcumin
    		Inducer 98.96%
    Tetrahydrocurcumin is a Curcuminoid found in turmeric (Curcuma longa) that is produced by the reduction of Curcumin. Tetrahydrocurcumin inhibit CYP2C9 and CYP3A4.
    Tetrahydrocurcumin
  • HY-122571
    Retro-2
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Retro-2 is a selective inhibitor of retrograde protein trafficking at the endosome-trans-Golgi network interface. Retro-2 is an ebolavirus (EBOV) infection inhibitor with an EC50 of 12.2 μM in HeLa cells. Retro-2 induces cell autophagy.
    Retro-2
  • HY-N3005
    Britannin
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Britannin is an NLRP3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.630 μM, exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity. Britannin inhibits the activation and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by blocking the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7. Additionally, Britannin demonstrates antitumor activity by inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells through blocking the interaction between HIF-1α and Myc, thereby suppressing PD-L1 expression and enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Britannin can also induce apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells by activating ROS-regulated AMPK. Britannin holds promise for research in the fields of anti-inflammatory and antitumor therapeutics.
    Britannin
  • HY-100576
    NH125
    		99.63%
    NH125 is a potent and selective inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF-2K/CaMKIII), also can induce eEF2 phosphorylation, with an IC50 of 60 nM for eEF-2K.
    NH125
  • HY-N0289
    Lycorine hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.89%
    Lycorine hydrochloride is the main active ingredient of the herbal medicine derived from Lycoris radiata (L’Her.) Herb. and is also a melanoma vasculogenic inhibitor and has anti-tumor activity. Lycorine hydrochloride effectively inhibits mitotic proliferation of Hey1B cells (IC50 of 1.2 μM).
    Lycorine hydrochloride
  • HY-N0783
    Eupatilin
    		Inducer 98.90%
    Eupatilin, a lipophilic flavonoid isolated from Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Van., is a PPARα agonist, and possesses anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Eupatilin
  • HY-10403
    PH-797804
    		98.94%
    PH-797804 is a ATP-competitive, selective p38α/p38β inhibitor (IC50=26 nM and Ki=5.8 nM for p38α; Ki=40 nM for p38β) and does not inhibit JNK2.
    PH-797804
  • HY-12599
    URMC-099
    		Inducer 99.34%
    URMC-099 is an orally bioavailable and potent mixed lineage kinase type 3 (MLK3) (IC50=14 nM) inhibitor with with excellent blood-brain barrier penetration properties.
    URMC-099
  • HY-11068
    SB 239063
    		99.49%
    SB 239063 is a potent, selective and orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 of 44 nM for recombinant purified human p38α, with equipotent inhibitory activity against p38α and p38β. SB 239063 has no effect on p38γ or p38δ. With anti-asthma activity and also be used to enhance memory which is impaired due to aging or medical conditions, such as, AD.
    SB 239063
  • HY-N0017
    Bergenin
    		Inhibitor 99.34%
    Bergenin is a cytoprotective and antioxidative polyphenol found in many medicinal plants. Bergenin has a wide spectrum activities such as hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antiviral, and antifungal properties.
    Bergenin
  • HY-101985
    BV02
    		Activator 99.75%
    BV02 is a 14-3-3 inhibitor and an antibacterial agent. BV02 enhances the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. BV02 induces Apoptosis, Autophagy, and enhances Akt activation. BV02 has anti-B. melitensis infection and epilepsy-promoting effects. BV02 can also be used in colitis research.
    BV02
  • HY-N2181
    Acetylshikonin
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Acetylshikonin is an oral active anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fertility, antibacterial, and neuroprotective agent. Acetylshikonin is a inhibitor of acetylcholinase (AChE) (IC50=34.6 μM) and nonselective cytochrome P450. Acetylshikonin can induce Apoptosis and Autophagy in cancer cells. Acetylshikonin regulates blood glucose, liver fat metabolism, and renal fibrosis, and is used in the study of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy (DN), obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
    Acetylshikonin
  • HY-10864
    URB-597
    		Inhibitor 99.15%
    URB-597 (KDS-4103) is an orally bioavailable and selective FAAH inhibitor. URB-597 inhibits FAAH activity with an IC50s of approximately 5 nM in rat brain membranes, 0.5 nM in intact rat neurons, 3 nM in human liver microsomes. Antidepressant-like effects. Analgesic activity.
    URB-597
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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