2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12599
    URMC-099
    		Inducer 99.34%
    URMC-099 is an orally bioavailable and potent mixed lineage kinase type 3 (MLK3) (IC50=14 nM) inhibitor with with excellent blood-brain barrier penetration properties.
    URMC-099
  • HY-B0107
    Acitretin
    		Inducer 99.66%
    Acitretin (Ro 10-1670) is a second-generation, systemic retinoid that has been used in the treatment of psoriasis. Acitretin also can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease.
    Acitretin
  • HY-12515A
    Nicardipine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Nicardipine hydrochloride (YC-93) is a calcium channel blocker with an IC50 of 1 μM for blocking cardiac calcium channels. Nicardipine hydrochloride acts as an agent for chronic stable angina and for controlling blood pressure.
    Nicardipine hydrochloride
  • HY-122571
    Retro-2
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Retro-2 is a selective inhibitor of retrograde protein trafficking at the endosome-trans-Golgi network interface. Retro-2 is an ebolavirus (EBOV) infection inhibitor with an EC50 of 12.2 µM in HeLa cells. Retro-2 induces cell autophagy.
    Retro-2
  • HY-13596
    Cisatracurium besylate
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Cisatracurium besylate (51W89) is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, antagonizing the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting neuromuscular transmission.
    Cisatracurium besylate
  • HY-15340
    LG100268
    		99.39%
    LG100268 (LG268) is a potent, selective and orally active retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist with EC50 values of 4 nM, 3 nM, and 4 nM for RXR-α, RXR-β, and RXR-γ, respectively. LG100268 displays >1000-fold selectivity for RXR over RAR, the Ki values are 3.4 nM, 6.2 nM and 9.2 nM for RXR-α, RXR-β, and RXR-γ, respectively. LG100268 activates RXR homodimers to induce transcriptional activation. LG100268 can be used for the study of lung carcinogenesisy.
    LG100268
  • HY-B0444
    Maprotiline hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Maprotiline hydrochloride is a highly selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor that has strong antidepressant, antitumor and neuropathic pain-relieving effects with oral activity. Maprotiline hydrochloride induces cancer cell apoptosis by targeting the ERK signaling pathway and CRABP1.
    Maprotiline hydrochloride
  • HY-108766
    Ponatinib hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Ponatinib hydrochloride (AP24534 hydrochloride) is a hydrochloride of ponatinib. Ponatinib is an orally active multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 0.37 nM, 1.1 nM, 1.5 nM, 2.2 nM, and 5.4 nM for Abl, PDGFRα, VEGFR2, FGFR1, and Src, respectively.
    Ponatinib hydrochloride
  • HY-12014
    SU11274
    		Inducer 98.82%
    SU11274 is a selective Met inhibitor with IC50 of 10 nM, but has no effects on PGDFRβ, EGFR or Tie2.
    SU11274
  • HY-100996
    10074-G5
    		99.63%
    10074-G5 is an inhibitor of c-Myc-Max dimerization with an IC50 of 146 μM.
    10074-G5
  • HY-12839
    p38 MAPK-IN-1
    		99.58%
    p38 MAPK-IN-1 (Compound 4) is a novel potent and selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK with IC50 of 68 nM. p38 MAPK-IN-1 shows sustained levels, low clearance and good bioavailability.
    p38 MAPK-IN-1
  • HY-14543
    Sertindole
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Sertindole (Lu 23-174) is an orally active 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, dopamine D2, and αl-adrenergic receptors antagonist. Sertindole shows antipsychotic activity and anti-proliferative activity to multiple cancer cells.
    Sertindole
  • HY-N3005
    Britannin
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Britannin is an NLRP3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.630 μM, exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity. Britannin inhibits the activation and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by blocking the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7. Additionally, Britannin demonstrates antitumor activity by inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells through blocking the interaction between HIF-1α and Myc, thereby suppressing PD-L1 expression and enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Britannin can also induce apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells by activating ROS-regulated AMPK. Britannin holds promise for research in the fields of anti-inflammatory and antitumor therapeutics.
    Britannin
  • HY-100576
    NH125
    		99.63%
    NH125 is a potent and selective inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF-2K/CaMKIII), also can induce eEF2 phosphorylation, with an IC50 of 60 nM for eEF-2K.
    NH125
  • HY-50898A
    Lapatinib ditosylate
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Lapatinib ditosylate (GW572016 ditosylate) is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively.
    Lapatinib ditosylate
  • HY-10403
    PH-797804
    		98.94%
    PH-797804 is a ATP-competitive, selective p38α/p38β inhibitor (IC50=26 nM and Ki=5.8 nM for p38α; Ki=40 nM for p38β) and does not inhibit JNK2.
    PH-797804
  • HY-138779
    ICCB-19 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.25%
    ICCB-19 hydrochloride is a TRADD (TNFRSF1A associated via death domain) inhibitor. ICCB-19 hydrochloride binds with N-terminal domain of TRADD (TRADD-N), disrupting its binding to both TRADD-C and TRAF2. ICCB-19 hydrochloride is indirect inhibitor of RIPK1 kinase activity. ICCB-19 hydrochloride effectively induces autophagy and the degradation of long-lived proteins.
    ICCB-19 hydrochloride
  • HY-N0417
    Cucurbitacin E
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Cucurbitacin E is a natural compound which from Cucurbitaceae plants. Cucurbitacin E significantly suppresses the activity of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex.
    Cucurbitacin E
  • HY-N2581
    Phytic acid sodium salt
    		Activator
    Phytic acid sodium salt (myo-Inositol; hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; Inositol hexaphosphate) is an orally active compound derived from the seeds of legumes. Phytic acid sodium salt is a [PO4]3- storage depot and precursor for other inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates. phytic acid is hydrolyzed by phytases in a stepwise manner in the plant. Phytic acid sodium salt attenuates Aβ oligomers and upregulates autophagy protein. Phytic acid sodium salt can be used in cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, nervous system disease and cancer research.
    Phytic acid sodium salt
  • HY-W127758
    Alginic acid
    		Inducer
    Alginic acid is a natural polysaccharide, which has been widely concerned and applied due to its excellent water solubility, film formation, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Alginic acid induces oxidative stress-mediated hormone secretion disorder, apoptosis and autophagy in mouse granulosa cells and ovaries. Alginic acid has an inhibitory effect on histamine release. Anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Alginic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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