2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0016
    Glycitein
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Glycitein is a soy isoflavone used to study apoptosis and antioxidant.
    Glycitein
  • HY-10006
    Flavopiridol Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Flavopiridol Hydrochloride (Alvocidib Hydrochloride) is a broad inhibitor of CDK, competing with ATP to inhibit CDKs including CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 with IC50s of 30, 170, 100 nM, respectively.
    Flavopiridol Hydrochloride
  • HY-N0441
    Neferine
    		Modulator 99.92%
    Neferine is a major bisbenzylisoquinline alkaloid. Neferine strongly inhibits NF-κB activation.
    Neferine
  • HY-17504B
    Rosuvastatin Sodium
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Rosuvastatin Sodium is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 11 nM. Rosuvastatin Sodium potently blocks hERG current with an IC50 of 195 nM. Rosuvastatin Sodium reduces the expression of the mature hERG and the interaction of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) with the hERG protein. Rosuvastatin Sodium effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein levels.
    Rosuvastatin Sodium
  • HY-17437A
    Mefloquine hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Mefloquine hydrochloride (Mefloquin hydrochloride), a quinoline antimalarial agent, is an anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Mefloquine hydrochloride is also a K+ channel (KvQT1/minK) antagonist with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Mefloquine hydrochloride can be used for malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer research.
    Mefloquine hydrochloride
  • HY-17473
    Embelin
    		Inducer 99.01%
    Embelin (Embelic acid), a potent, nonpeptidic XIAP inhibitor (IC50=4.1 μM), inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and activates caspase-9 in prostate cancer cells with high levels of XIAP. Embelin blocks NF-kappaB signaling pathway leading to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products. Embelin also induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.
    Embelin
  • HY-100200
    SMER28
    		Modulator 99.92%
    SMER28 is a positive regulator of autophagy acting via an mTOR-independent mechanism. SMER28 prevents the accumulation of amyloid beta peptide.
    SMER28
  • HY-B0233
    Isradipine
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Isradipine (PN 200-110) is an orally active L-type calcium channel blocker. Isradipine, as a powerful peripheral vasodilator, is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with selective actions on the heart as well as the peripheral circulation. Isradipine is a potentially viable neuroprotective agent for Parkinson's disease.
    Isradipine
  • HY-14603
    Clioquinol
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Clioquinol (Iodochlorhydroxyquin) is a topical antifungal agent with anticancer activity. Clioquinol acts as an oral antimicrobial agent for the research of diarrhea and skin infections. Antibiotic.
    Clioquinol
  • HY-14151
    Prucalopride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Prucalopride is an orally active, selective and specific 5-HT 4 receptor agonist (high affinity), with pKis of 8.6 and 8.1 for human 5-HT4a/4b receptors, respectively. Prucalopride improves intestinal motility by promoting regeneration of the intestinal nervous system in rats. Prucalopride also shows anticancer activity by blocking of the PI3K/AKT/mTor signaling pathway. Prucalopride can be used in studies of chronic constipation, pseudo-intestinal obstruction and cancer.
    Prucalopride
  • HY-160699
    DCC-3116
    		Inhibitor 99.25%
    DCC-3116 is an orally active ULK1/2 inhibitor. DCC-3116 can inhibit autophagy in lung cancer cells by inhibiting KRASG12C signaling, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of lung cancer cells and exerting anti-cancer effects.
    DCC-3116
  • HY-N0384
    Homovanillic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    Homovanillic acid (Vanilacetic acid) is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.
    Homovanillic acid
  • HY-B0863
    Glyphosate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Glyphosate, a non-selective systemic biocide with broad-spectrum activity, is an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine. Glyphosate inhibits the enzymatic activity of the 5-endopyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimic acid pathway, preventing the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Glyphosate induces oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, processes that lead to neuronal death by autophagia, necrosis, or apoptosis, as well as the appearance of behavioral and motor disorders.
    Glyphosate
  • HY-12113
    Oprozomib
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Oprozomib (PR-047) is an orally bioavailable and selective peptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor with IC50s of 36 and 82 nM for proteasome (β5) and immunoproteasome (LMP7), respectively. Oprozomib (ONX 0912) induces apoptosis in MM cells.
    Oprozomib
  • HY-16143
    Cilengitide TFA
    		Activator 99.92%
    Cilengitide is a potent and selective integrin inhibitor for αvβ3 and αvβ5 receptor, with IC50 values of 4 nM and 79 nM, respectively.
    Cilengitide TFA
  • HY-13515
    Sirtinol
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Sirtinol is a sirtuin (SIRT) inhibitor, with IC50s of 48 μM, 57.7 μM and 131 μM for ySir2, hSIRT2 and hSIRT2, respectively.
    Sirtinol
  • HY-N0281
    Daphnetin
    		Inducer 99.77%
    Daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin), one coumarin derivative can be found in plants of the Genus Daphne, is a potent, oral active protein kinase inhibitor, with IC50s of 7.67 μM, 9.33 μM and 25.01 μM for EGFR, PKA and PKC in vitro, respectively. Daphnetin triggers ROS-induced cell apoptosis and induces cytoprotective autophagy by modulating the AMPK/Akt/mTOR pathway. Daphnetin has anti-inflammation activitity and inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, and MDA production. Daphnetin has schizontocidal activity against malaria parasites. Daphnetin can be used for rheumatoid arthritis , cancer and anti-malarian research.
    Daphnetin
  • HY-14799
    Palovarotene
    		99.49%
    Palovarotene is a nuclear retinoic acid receptor γ (RAR-γ) agonist.
    Palovarotene
  • HY-15122A
    Sinomenine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Sinomenine hydrochloride (Cucoline hydrochloride), an alkaloid extracted from Sinomenium acutum, is a blocker of the NF-κB activation. Sinomenine also is an activator of μ-opioid receptor.
    Sinomenine hydrochloride
  • HY-108232
    MK-2206
    		Inducer 99.72%
    MK-2206 is an orally active, highly potent and selective allosteric Akt inhibitor, with IC50s of 8, 12, and 65 nM for Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3, respectively. Many breast cancer cell lines, and PIK3CA-mutant and cell lines with PTEN loss are sensitive to MK-2206. MK-2206 has anticancer activities.
    MK-2206
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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