2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0370
    Bergapten
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.
    Bergapten
  • HY-B0167A
    Sodium Salicylate
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Sodium Salicylate (Salicylic acid sodium salt) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation. Sodium Salicylate is also a S6K inhibitor.Sodium Salicylate is a NF-κB inhibitor that decreases inflammatory gene expression and improves repair in aged muscle.
    Sodium Salicylate
  • HY-N0013
    Vitexin
    		99.90%
    Vitexin is a c-glycosylated flavone, and is found in various medicinal plants species such as Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. Vitexin has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperalgesic, and neuroprotective effects.
    Vitexin
  • HY-32736
    Triptonide
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Triptonide (NSC 165677) is a natural product identified in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F.. Triptonide is a Wnt signaling inhibitor with an IC50 of appropriately 0.3 nM. Triptonide has immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, neuroprotective and anti-lymphoma effects.
    Triptonide
  • HY-15122A
    Sinomenine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Sinomenine hydrochloride (Cucoline hydrochloride), an alkaloid extracted from Sinomenium acutum, is a blocker of the NF-κB activation. Sinomenine also is an activator of μ-opioid receptor.
    Sinomenine hydrochloride
  • HY-15145
    SRT 1720 monohydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.92%
    SRT 1720 monohydrochloride is a selective and orally active activator of SIRT1 with an EC50 of 0.10 μM, and shows less potent activities on SIRT2 and SIRT3.
    SRT 1720 monohydrochloride
  • HY-14603
    Clioquinol
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Clioquinol (Iodochlorhydroxyquin) is a topical antifungal agent with anticancer activity. Clioquinol acts as an oral antimicrobial agent for the research of diarrhea and skin infections. Antibiotic.
    Clioquinol
  • HY-B1490A
    Imipramine
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Imipramine is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.
    Imipramine
  • HY-15177
    PF-04691502
    		Inducer 99.91%
    PF-04691502 is a potent and selective inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR. PF-04691502 binds to human PI3Kα, β, δ, γ and mTOR with Kis of 1.8, 2.1, 1.6, 1.9 and 16 nM, respectively.
    PF-04691502
  • HY-111621
    DC661
    		Inhibitor 99.53%
    DC661 is a potent palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) inhibitor, inhibits autophagy, and acts as an anti-lysosomal agent. Anti-cancer activity.
    DC661
  • HY-17567B
    Heparin Lithium salt
    		Inhibitor
    Heparin Lithium salt is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII). Heparin Lithium salt significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.
    Heparin Lithium salt
  • HY-N0076
    Bilobalide
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits the NMDA-induced efflux of choline with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM. Bilobalide prevents apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Exerts protective and trophic effects on neurons.
    Bilobalide
  • HY-N0089
    Schisandrin B
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Schisandrin B (γ-Schisandrin) is a biphenylcyclooctadiene derivative isolated from Schisandra chinensis and has been shown to have antioxidant effects on the liver and heart of rodents.
    Schisandrin B
  • HY-14286
    Levosimendan
    		Inhibitor 99.82%
    Levosimendan (Simsndan; OR-1259) is a calcium sensitiser used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure.
    Levosimendan
  • HY-N0384
    Homovanillic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    Homovanillic acid is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.
    Homovanillic acid
  • HY-17577
    Berberine chloride hydrate
    		Modulator 99.82%
    Berberine chloride hydrate (Natural Yellow 18 chloride hydrate) is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride hydrate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties.
    Berberine chloride hydrate
  • HY-16558
    Butein
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Butein is a cAMP-specific PDE inhibitor with an IC50 of 10.4 μM for PDE4. Butein is a specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 16 and 65 μM for EGFR and p60c-src in HepG2 cells. Butein sensitizes HeLa cells to Cisplatin through AKT and ERK/p38 MAPK pathways by targeting FoxO3a. Butein is a SIRT1 activator (STAC).
    Butein
  • HY-14151
    Prucalopride
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Prucalopride is an orally active, selective and specific 5-HT 4 receptor agonist (high affinity), with pKis of 8.6 and 8.1 for human 5-HT4a/4b receptors, respectively. Prucalopride improves intestinal motility by promoting regeneration of the intestinal nervous system in rats. Prucalopride also shows anticancer activity by blocking of the PI3K/AKT/mTor signaling pathway. Prucalopride can be used in studies of chronic constipation, pseudo-intestinal obstruction and cancer.
    Prucalopride
  • HY-160699
    DCC-3116
    		Inhibitor 99.25%
    DCC-3116 is an orally active ULK1/2 inhibitor. DCC-3116 can inhibit autophagy in lung cancer cells by inhibiting KRASG12C signaling, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of lung cancer cells and exerting anti-cancer effects.
    DCC-3116
  • HY-16143
    Cilengitide TFA
    		Activator 99.92%
    Cilengitide is a potent and selective integrin inhibitor for αvβ3 and αvβ5 receptor, with IC50 values of 4 nM and 79 nM, respectively.
    Cilengitide TFA
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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