2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13777A
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate (Zoledronate monohydrate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic acid monohydrate inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic acid monohydrate also has anti-cancer effects.
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate
  • HY-B0715
    Pentoxifylline
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Pentoxifylline (BL-191), a haemorheological agent, is an orally active non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, with immune modulation, anti-inflammatory, hemorheological, anti-fibrinolytic and anti-proliferation effects. Pentoxifylline can be used for the research of peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and a number of other conditions involving a defective regional microcirculation.
    Pentoxifylline
  • HY-N0890
    Tubeimoside I
    		Activator 99.96%
    Tubeimoside I is an orally active HSPD1 inhibitor. Tubeimoside I inhibits NF-κB, MAPK, as well as regulates eNOS-VEGF. Tubeimoside I induces cytoprotective Autophagy via an Akt-mediated pathway. Tubeimoside I inhibits proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-1β) production. Tubeimoside I exhibits anti-inflammatory activities. Tubeimoside I promotes angiogenesis and improves sepsis symptoms. Tubeimoside I is used in the research of inflammatory diseases, various cancers, sepsis and ischemic diseases.
    Tubeimoside I
  • HY-101920
    Autophinib
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    Autophinib is a potent, selective autophagy inhibitor with IC50s of 90 nM and 40 nM for starvation- and Rapamycin-induced autophagy, respectively. Autophinib is also an ATP competitive Vacuolar Protein Sorting 34 (VPS34) inhibitor with an IC50 of 19 nM. Autophinib inhibits autophagy induced by starvation or Rapamycin by targeting VPS34.
    Autophinib
  • HY-155747
    FDW028
    		Inhibitor 99.51%
    FDW028 a potent and highly selective FUT8 inhibitor. FUT8 exhibits potent anti-tumor activity by defucosylation and impelling lysosomal degradation of B7-H3 through the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) pathway. FDW028 can be used for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) research.
    FDW028
  • HY-13252
    MK-5108
    		Inducer 99.89%
    MK-5108 is a highly potent and specific inhibitor of Aurora A kinase with an IC50 value of 0.064 nM.
    MK-5108
  • HY-N0280
    Corosolic acid
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Corosolic acid (Colosolic acid) isolated from the fruit of Cratoegus pinnatifida var. psilosa, was reported to have anticancer activity. Corosolic acid induces cancer cell apoptosis.
    Corosolic acid
  • HY-10182G
    Laduviglusib (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Laduviglusib (CHIR-99021) (GMP) is Laduviglusib (HY-10182) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Laduviglusib is a potent, orally active and selective GSK-3α/β inhibitor.
    Laduviglusib (GMP)
  • HY-50909
    Perifosine
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Perifosine is an oral Akt inhibitor which inhibits proliferation of different tumor cell lines with IC50s of 0.6-8.9 μM.
    Perifosine
  • HY-18085A
    Quercetin hydrate
    		Inducer 98.45%
    Quercetin hydrate, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively.
    Quercetin hydrate
  • HY-12113
    Oprozomib
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Oprozomib (PR-047) is an orally bioavailable and selective peptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor with IC50s of 36 and 82 nM for proteasome (β5) and immunoproteasome (LMP7), respectively. Oprozomib (ONX 0912) induces apoptosis in MM cells.
    Oprozomib
  • HY-N0693
    Schisandrin A
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Schisandrin A inhibits CYP3A activity with an IC50 of 6.60 μM and Ki of 5.83 μM, respectively.
    Schisandrin A
  • HY-B1077
    Penfluridol
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Penfluridol (R-16341) is a potent, long-acting, first-generation, oral diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotic agent by targeting D2-like dopamine receptor. Penfluridol effectively inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB activation and alleviates the severity of arthritis and colitis in vivo. Penfluridol is a Ca2+-calmodulin inhibitor. Penfluridol induces apoptosis and autophagy. Penfluridol is used for chronic schizophrenia, acute psychosis, Tourette syndrome and autoimmune diseases. Penfluridol inhibites the growth of E. faecalis planktonic cells with the MIC of 7.81 µg/ml.
    Penfluridol
  • HY-B0271
    Pyrazinamide
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Pyrazinamide (Pyrazinecarboxamide; Pyrazinoic acid amide) is a potent and orally active antitubercular antibiotic. Pyrazinamide is a proagent that is converted to the active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) by PZase/nicotinamidase encoded by the pncA gene in M. tuberculosis.
    Pyrazinamide
  • HY-17437A
    Mefloquine hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.98%
    Mefloquine hydrochloride (Mefloquin hydrochloride), a quinoline antimalarial agent, is an anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Mefloquine hydrochloride is also a K+ channel (KvQT1/minK) antagonist with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Mefloquine hydrochloride can be used for malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer research.
    Mefloquine hydrochloride
  • HY-17473
    Embelin
    		Inducer 98.75%
    Embelin (Embelic acid), a potent, nonpeptidic XIAP inhibitor (IC50=4.1 μM), inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and activates caspase-9 in prostate cancer cells with high levels of XIAP. Embelin blocks NF-kappaB signaling pathway leading to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products. Embelin also induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.
    Embelin
  • HY-N0330
    Momordin Ic
    		Inducer 99.78%
    Momordin Ic is an orally active triterpenoid saponin that can be isolated from Kochia scoparia. It is also a SUMO specific protease 1 (SENP1) inhibitor, SENP1/c-MYC signaling pathway inhibitor, and apoptosis inducer. Momordin Ic induces autophagy and apoptosis in liver cancer cells through the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species. Momordin Ic has the ability to control glucose induced blood glucose elevation, inhibit gastric emptying, resist rheumatoid arthritis, reduce CCl4 (HY-Y0298) induced hepatotoxicity and anti-tumor activity.
    Momordin Ic
  • HY-13425
    Deguelin
    		Inducer 99.20%
    Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, acts as a chemopreventive agent by blocking multiple pathways like PI3K-Akt, IKK-NF-κB, and MAPK-mTOR-survivin-mediated apoptosis. Deguelin binding to Hsp90 leads to a decreased expression of numerous oncogenic proteins, including MEK1/2, Akt, HIF1α, COX-2, and NF-κB.
    Deguelin
  • HY-N2149
    Tomatidine
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Tomatidine acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling. Tomatidine activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans.
    Tomatidine
  • HY-100200
    SMER28
    		Modulator 99.92%
    SMER28 is a positive regulator of autophagy acting via an mTOR-independent mechanism. SMER28 prevents the accumulation of amyloid beta peptide.
    SMER28
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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