2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13523
    PAC-1
    		Inducer 99.88%
    PAC-1 is a procaspase-3 activator that induces apoptosis in cancer cells with an EC50 of 2.08 μM.
    PAC-1
  • HY-N0567
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A
    		Inhibitor 99.17%
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Safflomin A) is a natural product of flavonoids isolated from safflower. Hydroxysafflor yellow A can inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis through the autophagy pathway. Hydroxysafflor yellow A has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects. Hydroxysafflor yellow A can be used in the study of cardiovascular disease.
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A
  • HY-12204
    PFK-015
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    PFK-015, a derivative of 3PO, is a specific PFKFB3 inhibitor. PFK-015 inhibits recombinant PFKFB3 with an IC50 value of 110 nM and inhibits PFKFB3 activity in cancer cells with an IC50 value of 20 nM. PFK-015 can be used for the research of multiple cancers such as lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
    PFK-015
  • HY-13735A
    Quinacrine dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.38%
    Quinacrine (Mepacrine) dihydrochloride is an orally bioavailable antimalarial agent, which possess anticancer effect both in vitro and vivo. Quinacrine dihydrochloride suppresses NF-κB and activate p53 signaling, which results in the induction of the apoptosis.
    Quinacrine dihydrochloride
  • HY-N0372
    Licochalcone A
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Licochalcone A (LCA), a flavonoid isolated, presents obvious anti-cancer effects, displays broad-spectrum inhibition against UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Licochalcone A (LCA) exhibits strong inhibitory effects against UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A9, and 2B7 (both IC50 and Ki values lower than 5 μM) .
    Licochalcone A
  • HY-113914
    9-ING-41
    		Inducer 99.13%
    9-ING-41 (Elraglusib) is a maleimide-based ATP-competitive and selective glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.71 μM. 9-ING-41 significantly leads to cell cycle arrest, autophagy and apoptosis in cancer cells. 9-ING-41 has anticancer activity and has the potential for enhancing the antitumor effects of chemotherapeutic agents.
    9-ING-41
  • HY-13605A
    Cytarabine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Cytarabine hydrochloride, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM. Cytarabine hydrochloride has antiviral effects against HSV.
    Cytarabine hydrochloride
  • HY-15025A
    Sildenafil citrate
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Sildenafil citrate is a potent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with IC50 of 5.22 nM.
    Sildenafil citrate
  • HY-12048
    Chelerythrine chloride
    		Inducer 99.11%
    Chelerythrine chloride is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of protein kinase C, with an IC50 of 660 nM. Chelerythrine chloride inhibits the Bcl-XL-Bak BH3 peptide binding with IC50 of 1.5 μM and displaces Bax from Bcl-XL. Chelerythrine chloride induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Chelerythrine chloride
  • HY-B0151
    Pregnenolone
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels.
    Pregnenolone
  • HY-13271
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.31%
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Tubastatin A HCl) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A Hydrochloride also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
  • HY-N0382
    Galangin
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.
    Galangin
  • HY-12203
    PFK-158
    		Inducer 98.88%
    PFK-158 is a potent and selective PFKFB3 inhibitor with an IC50 value 137 nM. PFK-158 reduces glucose uptake, ATP production, lactate release, and induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. PFK-158 has broad anti-tumor activity. PFK-158 can also enhance Colistin's resistance to bacteria.
    PFK-158
  • HY-N0159
    Paeonol
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Paeonol is an active extraction from the root of Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeonol inhibits MAO-A and MAO-B with IC50 of 54.6 μM and 42.5 μM, respectively.
    Paeonol
  • HY-13420
    Zebularine
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Zebularine (NSC309132; 4-Deoxyuridine) is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Zebularine also inhibits cytidine deaminase with a Ki of 0.95 μM.
    Zebularine
  • HY-12054
    Hesperadin
    		Inhibitor 98.89%
    Hesperadin is an ATP competitive indolinone inhibitor of Aurora A and B. Hesperadin inhibits Aurora B with an IC50 of 250 nM. Hesperadin inhibits the growth of Trypanosoma brucei by blocking nuclear division and cytokinesis. Hesperadin also is a broad-spectrum influenza antiviral.
    Hesperadin
  • HY-B0594
    Iohexol
    		Inducer 99.54%
    Iohexol is a non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent used as a reference marker for the determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the level of renal function. Iohexol can be used for contrast in myelography, computerized tomography (cisternography, ventriculography) and MicroCT imaging.
    Iohexol
  • HY-A0061
    Trifluridine
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Trifluridine (Trifluorothymidine) is an irreversible and orally active thymidylate synthase inhibitor, and thereby suppressing DNA synthesis. Trifluridine is an antiviral molecule used for research of HSV, rhabdovirus and orthopoxvirus infection. Trifluridine induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Trifluridine is also an anticancer agent used in studies of metastatic colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal tumors.
    Trifluridine
  • HY-N6732
    K-252a
    		99.45%
    K-252a, a staurosporine analog, inhibits protein kinase, with IC50 values of 470 nM, 140 nM, 270 nM, and 1.7 nM for PKC, PKA, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase type II, and phosphorylase kinase, respectively. K-252a is a potent inhibitor (IC50 of 3 nM) of the tyrosine protein kinase (TRK) activity of the NGF receptor gp140trk, the product of the trk protooncogene.
    K-252a
  • HY-W012875
    3-Nitropropanoic acid
    		99.73%
    3-Nitropropanoic acid (β-Nitropropionic acid) is an irreversible and orally active inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. 3-Nitropropanoic acid exhibits potent antimycobacterial activity with a MIC value of 3.3 μM. 3-Nitropropanoic acid can induce cell apoptosis.
    3-Nitropropanoic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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