Autophagy

Related Products

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Autophagy Related Products (2832)
Antibodies (31)
Autophagy Signaling Pathway

By Effects:	Controls (5) Inhibitors (395) Agonists (5) Activators (75) Modulators (41) Chemical (1) Inducers (1866)

Cat. No.	Product Name	Effect	Purity	Chemical Structure

HY-B1490

Imipramine hydrochloride	Inducer	99.92%
Imipramine hydrochloride is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine hydrochloride is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine hydrochloride also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC₅₀ value of 32 nM. Imipramine hydrochloride stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine hydrochloride shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.

HY-N0105

Rhein	Inhibitor	99.56%
Rhein is an anthraquinone compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects^{[1]^.}

HY-B0561

Spironolactone	Inducer	99.63%
Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist that acts on the aldosterone mineralocorticoid receptor (IC₅₀=24 nM) and androgen receptor (IC₅₀=77 nM), promotes podocyte autophagy and regulates pain. Spironolactone improves hypertension-related vascular hypertrophy and remodeling by reducing angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced inflammation, reduces aldosterone-induced vascular and soft tissue calcification through PIT1-dependent signaling, and alleviates vascular dysfunction in type II diabetic mice by reducing oxidative stress and restoring NO/GC signaling; at low concentrations, it and its metabolites can interfere with aldosterone biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex and inhibit voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channels to exert antihypertensive effects.

HY-D1027

Dansylcadaverine	Chemical	98.69%
Dansylcadaverine (Monodansyl cadaverine) is an autofluorescent compound used for the labeling of autophagic vacuoles. Dansylcadaverine, a high affinity substrate of transglutaminases, can block the receptor-mediated endocytosis of many ligands.

HY-N0560

Oroxylin A	Inducer	99.87%
Oroxylin A is an active flavonoid compound with strong anti-cancer effects. Oroxylin A inhibits the IL-6/STAT3 pathway and NF-κB signaling, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Oroxylin A inhibits colitis-related carcinogenesis.

HY-10255

Sunitinib Malate	Inducer	99.86%
Sunitinib Malate (SU 11248 Malate) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 80 nM and 2 nM for VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ, respectively. Sunitinib Malate, an ATP-competitive inhibitor, effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α by inhibiting autophosphorylation and consequent RNase activation.

HY-135825

TFEB activator 1	Inducer	99.71%
TFEB activator 1 is an orally effective, mTOR-independent activator of TFEB. TFEB activator 1 significantly promotes the nuclear translocation of Flag-TFEB with an EC₅₀ of 2167 nM. TFEB activator 1 enhances autophagy without inhibiting the mTOR pathway and has the potential for neurodegenerative diseases treatment.

HY-14652

Tamibarotene		99.94%
Tamibarotene is an orally active retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) agonist, showing high selectivity over RARγ.

HY-10474

Torkinib	Inducer	99.03%
Torkinib (PP 242) is a selective and ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 8 nM. PP242 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with IC₅₀s of 30 nM and 58 nM, respectively.

HY-100973A

Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium	Inducer	99.47%
Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium (ADP ribose sodium) is a nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD⁺) metabolite. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium is the most potent and primary intracellular Ca²⁺-permeable cation TRPM2 channel activator. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium also can enhance autophagy.

HY-12008

Erlotinib Hydrochloride	Inducer	99.94%
Erlotinib Hydrochloride (CP-358774 Hydrochloride) inhibits purified EGFR kinase with an IC₅₀ of 2 nM. Erlotinib (Hydrochloride) is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.

HY-13555

β-Lapachone	Inducer	99.96%
β-Lapachone (ARQ-501;NSC-26326) is a naturally occurring O-naphthoquinone, acts as a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and induces apoptosis by inhibiting cell cycle progression.

HY-15030

Naproxen	Inducer	99.98%
Naproxen is a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 8.72 and 5.15 μM, respectively in cell assay.

HY-10882

Clotrimazole	Inhibitor	99.91%
Clotrimazole is an imidazole derivative, an antifungal compound and is a CYP (cytochrome P450) inhibitor. Clotrimazole has antibacterial activity.

HY-B0193A

Prazosin hydrochloride	Inducer	99.51%
Prazosin hydrochloride is a well-tolerated, CNS-active α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist for the research of high blood pressure and alcohol use disorders. Prazosin hydrochloride potently inhibits Norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated 45Ca efflux with an IC₅₀ of 0.15 nM.Prazosin hydrochloride inhibits organic cation transporters OCT-1 and OCT-3 with IC₅₀s of 1.8, and 13 μM, respectively.

HY-N0189

Aloe emodin	Inducer	98.32%
Aloe emodin (Rhabarberone) is a natural hydroxyanthraquinone with antitumor activities. aloe-emodin can bind with mTORC2 and inhibit its kinase activity. Aloe emodin exerts antiproliferation effects and induces cellular apoptosis. Aloe emodin also exhibits antiviral activity that against influenza A virus.

HY-B0261

Meloxicam	Inducer	99.59%
Meloxicam is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, inhibits COX activity, with IC₅₀s of 0.49 μM and 36.6 μM for COX-2 and COX-1, respectively.

HY-125731

Glycodeoxycholic Acid	Inducer	99.08%
Glycodeoxycholic Acid is a natural product found in Streptomyces nigricans, Trypanosoma brucei and C. elegans. Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces hepatocyte necrosis and autophagy in patients with obstructive cholestasis.

HY-13417A

AICAR phosphate	Inhibitor	99.98%
AICAR phosphate (Acadesine phosphate) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR phosphate regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR phosphate is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor.

HY-128892

EN6	Activator	99.42%
EN6 is a small-molecule in vivo autophagy activator that covalently targets cysteine 277 in the ATP6V1A subunit of the lysosomal v-ATPase. EN6-mediated modification of ATP6V1A uncouples v-ATPase from Rag, leading to inhibition of mTORC1 signalling, increased lysosomal acidification, and activation of autophagy. EN6 also scavenges TDP-43 aggregates (causative agents of frontotemporal dementia) in a lysosome-dependent manner.

EGF IL-6 IL-6R ATP PKA AMPK TSC 1 TSC 2 PI3K/AKT Signaling MAPK/ErK1/2
Signaling RAS JAK/STAT
Signaling Lysosome
(or endosome) EGFR Glucose transporter Substrate
recognition Invagination Fission Degradation Mutant mTOR RAPTOR mLST8 PRAS40 DEPTOR ATG13 ULK1 ULK1
complex Mitophagy Ub-independent Ub-dependent NIX/
FUNDC1/
BNIP3
… PINK1 PARL TBK1 Autophagy
Receptor (AR) OPTN/
NBR1/
NDP52
… STX17 LC3I Class III
PI3K
complex VPS34 ATG14L Beclin1 VPS15 Phagophore BCL-2 BCL-X Cargo
e.g. proteins
and organelles Phagophore Fusion LC3II PE ATG3 ATG7 LC3I ATG4B pro-LC3 ATG16L1 ATG16L1 ATG16L1 ATG12 ATG12 ATG12 ATG5 ATG5 ATG5 ATG5 ATG7 ATG10 ATG12 Chaperone-mediated autophagy Substrates Recognition Translocation Chaperones LAMP2A Lyposome Degradation KFERO
motif Closure and maturation Vesicle fusion Lysosome Autophagosome PKA p53 HSC70/HSPA8 ΔΨm

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Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy Related Products (2832)

Antibodies (31)

Autophagy Signaling Pathway

Autophagy Related Products (2832):