2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0155
    Nobiletin
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Nobiletin is a poly-methoxylated flavone from the citrus peel that improves memory loss. Nobiletin is a retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) agonist. Nobiletin can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and has anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties, including anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis and induced apoptosis.
    Nobiletin
  • HY-15025
    Sildenafil
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Sildenafil (UK-92480) is a potent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.22 nM.
    Sildenafil
  • HY-N1362
    Salvianolic acid B
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Salvianolic acid B is an active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has been widely applied in China for the management of various microcirculation-related disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetic vascular complication.
    Salvianolic acid B
  • HY-15097
    Myricetin
    		Inducer 98.42%
    Myricetin is a common plant-derived flavonoid with a wide range of activities including strong anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Myricetin
  • HY-10587
    BIX-01294
    		Inducer 98.44%
    BIX-01294 is a reversible and highly selective G9a and GLP Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor, with IC50s of of 1.7 μM and 0.9 μM, respectively. BIX-01294 inhibits G9a/GLP by competing for binding with the amino acids N-terminal of the substrate lysine residue. BIX-01294, a (1H-1,4-diazepin-1-yl)-quinazolin-4-yl amine derivative, induces necroptosis and autophagy. BIX-01294 has antitumor activity in recurrent tumor cells.
    BIX-01294
  • HY-12033
    2-Methoxyestradiol
    		Inducer 99.82%
    2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa.
    2-Methoxyestradiol
  • HY-13074
    VO-Ohpic trihydrate
    		≥98.0%
    VO-Ohpic trihydrate is a highly potent inhibitor of PTEN with an IC50 of 46±10 nM.
    VO-Ohpic trihydrate
  • HY-10215
    Luminespib
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Luminespib (VER-52296) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50s of 7.8 and 21 nM for HSP90α and HSP90β, respectively.
    Luminespib
  • HY-10256A
    Adezmapimod hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.71%
    Adezmapimod (SB 203580; RWJ 64809) hydrochloride is a selective and ATP-competitive p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 500 nM for SAPK2a/p38 and SAPK2b/p38β2, respectively. Adezmapimod hydrochloride inhibits LCK, GSK3β and PKBα with IC50s of 100-500-fold higher than that for SAPK2a/p38. Adezmapimod hydrochloride does not disrupt JNK activity and is an autophagy and mitophagy activator.
    Adezmapimod hydrochloride
  • HY-12990
    Spautin-1
    		Inhibitor 99.54%
    Spautin-1 is a specific and potent autophagy inhibitor which inhibits ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USP10 and USP13 with IC50s of 0.6-0.7 μM.
    Spautin-1
  • HY-17381
    Idarubicin hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Idarubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antileukemic agent. It inhibits the topoisomerase II interfering with the replication of DNA and RNA transcription. Idarubicin hydrochloride inhibits the growth of bacteria and yeasts.
    Idarubicin hydrochloride
  • HY-16989
    SR9009
    		Inhibitor 99.46%
    SR9009 is a REV-ERBα/β agonist with IC50s of 670 nM and 800 nM for REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, respectively.
    SR9009
  • HY-14171
    Bexarotene
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Bexarotene (LGD1069) is a high-affinity and selective retinoid X receptors (RXR) agonist with EC50s of 33, 24, 25 nM for RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ, respectively. Bexarotene shows limited affinity for RAR receptors (EC50 >10000 nM). Bexarotene can be used for the research of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
    Bexarotene
  • HY-13002
    Torin 2
    		Inducer 99.65%
    Torin 2 is an mTOR inhibitor with EC50 of 0.25 nM for inhibiting cellular mTOR activity, and exhibits 800-fold selectivity over PI3K (EC50: 200 nM). Torin 2 also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 0.5 nM in the cell free assay. Torin 2 can suppress both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Torin 2
  • HY-10532
    SRT 1720
    		Inducer 99.90%
    SRT 1720 is a selective activator of human SIRT1 with an EC1.5 of 0.16 μM, and shows less potent activities for SIRT2 and SIRT3 with EC1.5s of 37 μM and > 300 μM, respectively.
    SRT 1720
  • HY-17376
    Ezetimibe
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Ezetimibe (SCH 58235) is a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Ezetimibe is a Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor, and is a potent Nrf2 activator.
    Ezetimibe
  • HY-B0246
    Carbamazepine
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Carbamazepine is an orally active pressure-sensitive sodium ion channel blocker with an IC50 of 131 μM. Carbamazepine blocks voltage gated Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels, and is also a HDAC inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM). Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and can be used for research of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
    Carbamazepine
  • HY-N0014
    Icariin
    		Inhibitor 99.06%
    Icariin is a flavonol glycoside. Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC50s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator.
    Icariin
  • HY-18980
    Rottlerin
    		Inducer 98.45%
    Rottlerin, a natural product purified from Mallotus Philippinensis, is a specific PKC inhibitor, with IC50 values for PKCδ of 3-6 μM, PKCα,β,γ of 30-42 μM, PKCε,η,ζ of 80-100 μM. Rottlerin acts as a direct mitochondrial uncoupler, and stimulates autophagy by targeting a signaling cascade upstream of mTORC1. Rottlerin induces apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. Rottlerin inhibits HIV-1 integration and Rabies virus (RABV) infection.
    Rottlerin
  • HY-N0156
    Oleanolic acid
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a natural compound from plants with anti-tumor activities.
    Oleanolic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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