1. Signaling Pathways
  2. Autophagy
  3. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12990
    Spautin-1
    Inhibitor 99.54%
    Spautin-1 is a specific and potent autophagy inhibitor which inhibits ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USP10 and USP13 with IC50s of 0.6-0.7 μM.
    Spautin-1
  • HY-10215
    Luminespib
    Inducer 99.81%
    Luminespib (VER-52296) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50s of 7.8 and 21 nM for HSP90α and HSP90β, respectively.
    Luminespib
  • HY-13271A
    Tubastatin A
    Inducer 99.07%
    Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A
  • HY-10256A
    Adezmapimod hydrochloride
    Inducer 99.71%
    Adezmapimod (SB 203580; RWJ 64809) hydrochloride is a selective and ATP-competitive p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 500 nM for SAPK2a/p38 and SAPK2b/p38β2, respectively. Adezmapimod hydrochloride inhibits LCK, GSK3β and PKBα with IC50s of 100-500-fold higher than that for SAPK2a/p38. Adezmapimod hydrochloride does not disrupt JNK activity and is an autophagy and mitophagy activator.
    Adezmapimod hydrochloride
  • HY-13074
    VO-Ohpic trihydrate
    ≥98.0%
    VO-Ohpic trihydrate is a highly potent inhibitor of PTEN with an IC50 of 46±10 nM.
    VO-Ohpic trihydrate
  • HY-14171
    Bexarotene
    Inducer 99.92%
    Bexarotene (LGD1069) is a high-affinity and selective retinoid X receptors (RXR) agonist with EC50s of 33, 24, 25 nM for RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ, respectively. Bexarotene shows limited affinity for RAR receptors (EC50 >10000 nM). Bexarotene can be used for the research of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
    Bexarotene
  • HY-B0102
    Fluoxetine
    Inducer 99.87%
    Fluoxetine (LY-110140 free base) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class used for antidepressant research.
    Fluoxetine
  • HY-N1362
    Salvianolic acid B
    Inducer 99.92%
    Salvianolic acid B is an active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has been widely applied in China for the management of various microcirculation-related disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetic vascular complication.
    Salvianolic acid B
  • HY-16989
    SR9009
    Inhibitor 99.46%
    SR9009 is a REV-ERBα/β agonist with IC50s of 670 nM and 800 nM for REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, respectively.
    SR9009
  • HY-17376
    Ezetimibe
    Inducer 99.95%
    Ezetimibe (SCH 58235) is a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Ezetimibe is a Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor, and is a potent Nrf2 activator.
    Ezetimibe
  • HY-17381
    Idarubicin hydrochloride
    Inducer 99.94%
    Idarubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antileukemic agent. It inhibits the topoisomerase II interfering with the replication of DNA and RNA transcription. Idarubicin hydrochloride inhibits the growth of bacteria and yeasts.
    Idarubicin hydrochloride
  • HY-17379
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt
    Inducer 99.94%
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt (CI-981) is an orally active 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids. Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt inhibits human SV-SMC proliferation and invasion with IC50s of 0.39 μM and 2.39 μM, respectively.
    Atorvastatin hemicalcium salt
  • HY-12033
    2-Methoxyestradiol
    Inducer 99.82%
    2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa.
    2-Methoxyestradiol
  • HY-10532
    SRT 1720
    Inducer 99.90%
    SRT 1720 is a selective activator of human SIRT1 with an EC1.5 of 0.16 μM, and shows less potent activities for SIRT2 and SIRT3 with EC1.5s of 37 μM and > 300 μM, respectively.
    SRT 1720
  • HY-100561
    Tempol
    Inhibitor 99.73%
    Tempol is a general superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic agent that efficiently neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS).
    Tempol
  • HY-N0014
    Icariin
    Inhibitor 99.06%
    Icariin is a flavonol glycoside. Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC50s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator.
    Icariin
  • HY-N0174
    Cryptotanshinone
    Inducer 98.80%
    Cryptotanshinone is a natural compound extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge that shows antitumor activities. Cryptotanshinone inhibits STAT3 with an IC50 of 4.6 μM.
    Cryptotanshinone
  • HY-N0102
    Isoliquiritigenin
    Inducer 98.07%
    Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication with an EC50 of 24.7 μM.
    Isoliquiritigenin
  • HY-10590
    TWS119
    Inhibitor 99.89%
    TWS119 is an inhibitor of GSK-3β, with an IC50 of 30 nM, and activates the wnt/β-catenin pathway.
    TWS119
  • HY-B0246
    Carbamazepine
    Inducer 99.95%
    Carbamazepine is an orally active pressure-sensitive sodium ion channel blocker with an IC50 of 131 μM. Carbamazepine blocks voltage gated Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels, and is also a HDAC inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM). Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and can be used for research of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
    Carbamazepine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity