2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0421
    Cinobufagin
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Cinobufagin is an anticancer agent that can be secreted by the Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans. Cinobufagin induces the cell cycle arrests in the G1 phase or G2/M phase, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells. Cinobufagin inhibits tumor growth in melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme xenograft mouse models.
    Cinobufagin
  • HY-101761
    TM5441
    		Inducer 99.08%
    TM5441 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), has IC50 values between 13.9 and 51.1 μM and induces intrinsic apoptosis in several human cancer cell lines. TM5441 attenuates Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester-induced cardiac hypertension and vascular senescence.
    TM5441
  • HY-N0057
    3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid
    		Inducer 98.15%
    3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid), naturally isolated from Laggera alata, has antioxidative, DNA protective, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective properties. 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid exerts apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid possesses a unique mechanism of anti-influenza viral activity, that is, enhancing viral clearance by increasing TRAIL.
    3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid
  • HY-N0011
    Baohuoside I
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Baohuoside I, a flavonoid isolated from Epimedium koreanum Nakai, acts as an inhibitor of CXCR4, downregulates CXCR4 expression, induces apoptosis and shows anti-tumor activity.
    Baohuoside I
  • HY-N0457
    Chicoric acid
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Chicoric acid (Cichoric acid), an orally active dicaffeyltartaric acid, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Chicoric acid inhibits cell viability and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Chicoric acid increases glucose uptake, improves insulin resistance, and attenuates glucosamine-induced inflammation. Chicoric acid has antidiabetic properties and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects.
    Chicoric acid
  • HY-N0022
    Isoacteoside
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Isoacteoside is a natural product that can significantly inhibit the formation of glycation end products. Isoacteoside regulates the AKT/PI3K/m-TOR/NF-κB signaling pathway, induces apoptosis in OVCAR-3 cell. Isoacteoside exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and neuroprotective activities.
    Isoacteoside
  • HY-B0739
    Citicoline
    		Inhibitor 99.59%
    Citicoline is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study.
    Citicoline
  • HY-N0573
    Umbelliferone
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural orally active product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent. Umbelliferone induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells. Umbelliferone exhibits significant anticancer effects. Umbelliferone attenuates the alteration characteristics of allergic airway inflammation. Umbelliferone displays the neuroprotective effects and cross the blood-brain barrier. Umbelliferone exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in chronic alcohol-fed rats.
    Umbelliferone
  • HY-N1435
    Oroxin B
    		Inducer 99.71%
    Oroxin B (OB) is a flavonoid isolated from traditional Chinese herbal medicine Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Oroxin B (OB) possesses obvious inhibitory effect and induces early apoptosis rather than late apoptosis on liver cancer cells through upregulation of PTEN, down regulation of COX-2, VEGF, PI3K, and p-AKT. Oroxin B (OB) selectively induces tumor-suppressive ER stress in malignant lymphoma cells.
    Oroxin B
  • HY-17473
    Embelin
    		Inducer 98.75%
    Embelin (Embelic acid), a potent, nonpeptidic XIAP inhibitor (IC50=4.1 μM), inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and activates caspase-9 in prostate cancer cells with high levels of XIAP. Embelin blocks NF-kappaB signaling pathway leading to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products. Embelin also induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.
    Embelin
  • HY-13515
    Sirtinol
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Sirtinol is a sirtuin (SIRT) inhibitor, with IC50s of 48 μM, 57.7 μM and 131 μM for ySir2, hSIRT2 and hSIRT2, respectively.
    Sirtinol
  • HY-N0110
    Palmatine chloride
    		Modulator 99.81%
    Palmatine chloride is an orally active and irreversible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3 μM and 157μM against HEK 293-hIDO-1 and rhIDO-1, respectively. Palmatine chloride can also inhibit West Nile virus (WNV) NS2B-NS3 protease in an uncompetitive manner with an IC50 of 96 μM. Palmatine chloride shows anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, antibacterial, anti-viral activities.
    Palmatine chloride
  • HY-13777A
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate (Zoledronate monohydrate) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), with potent anti-resorptive activity. Zoledronic acid monohydrate inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. Zoledronic acid monohydrate also has anti-cancer effects.
    Zoledronic acid monohydrate
  • HY-14291
    Vildagliptin
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Vildagliptin (LAF237) is a potent, stable, selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.5 nM in human Caco-2 cells. Vildagliptin possesses excellent oral bioavailability and potent antihyperglycemic activity.
    Vildagliptin
  • HY-17411
    Limonin
    		Inducer 99.38%
    Limonin inhibits HIV-1 with an EC50 of 60.0 μM. Limonin induces human colon adenocarcinoma cells apoptosis with an IC50 of 54.74 μM. Limonin has antiviral and antitumor activities.
    Limonin
  • HY-12037A
    Rigosertib
    		Inducer 99.01%
    Rigosertib (ON-01910) is a multi-kinase inhibitor and a selective anti-cancer agent, which induces apoptosis by inhibition the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway, promots the phosphorylation of histone H2AX and induces G2/M arrest in cell cycle. Rigosertib is a selective and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of PLK1 with an IC50 of 9 nM.
    Rigosertib
  • HY-N2515
    Ginsenoside Rk1
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Ginsenoside Rk1 is a unique component created by processing the ginseng plant (mainly Sung Ginseng, SG) at high temperatures. Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-inflammatory effect, suppresses the activation of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and NF-κB. Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-tumor effect, antiplatelet aggregation activities, anti-insulin resistance, nephroprotective effect, antimicrobial effect, cognitive function enhancement, lipid accumulation reduction and prevents osteoporosis. Ginsenoside Rk1 induces cell apoptosis by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and blocking PI3K/Akt pathway.
    Ginsenoside Rk1
  • HY-P9958
    Denosumab
    		Activator 99.10%
    Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets the protein RANKL. Denosumab binds to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and prevents its binding to the RANK receptor (KD of 0.003 nM for human RANKL). Denosumab promotes proliferation and spermatogenesis. Denosumab prevents bone resorption through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Denosumab can be used in bone-related studies.
    Denosumab
  • HY-13673A
    Goserelin acetate
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Goserelin acetate (ICI-118630 acetate), a decapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH/LHRH), functions as a GnRH agonist. Goserelin acetate can be used for the research of breast cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer and prostate cancer.
    Goserelin acetate
  • HY-B0523A
    Anagrelide hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.39%
    Anagrelide hydrochloride (BL4162A) is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III (PDE3) (IC50=36 nM). Anagrelide hydrochloride, an imidazoquinazoline derivative, acts as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Anagrelide hydrochloride inhibits bone marrow megakaryocytopoiesis. Anagrelide hydrochloride decreases gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cell proliferation and promotes their apoptosis in vitro. Anagrelide hydrochloride is a platelet-lowering agent and plays in the antithrombopoietic action.
    Anagrelide hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity