2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15989
    SM-164
    		Inducer 99.49%
    SM-164 is a cell-permeable Smac mimetic compound. SM-164 binds to XIAP protein containing both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains with an IC50 value of 1.39 nM and functions as an extremely potent antagonist of XIAP.
    SM-164
  • HY-145483
    KT-474
    		Inducer 99.77%
    KT-474 (KYM-001) is an orally active PROTAC IRAK4 degrader with antitumor activities. KT-474 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    KT-474
  • HY-N0303
    Idebenone
    		Activator 99.36%
    Idebenone, a well-appreciated mitochondrial protectant, exhibits protective efficacy against neurotoxicity and can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease. Idebenone (oxidised form) has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the enzymatic metabolism of arachidonic acid in astroglial homogenates (IC50=16.65 μM). Idebenone, a coenzyme Q10 analog and an antioxidant, induces apoptotic cell death in the human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells. Idebenone quickly crosses the blood-brain barrier.
    Idebenone
  • HY-100016
    AZD0156
    		Inducer 99.83%
    AZD0156 is a potent, selective and orally active ATM inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.58 nM. AZD0156 inhibits the ATM-mediated signaling, prevents DNA damage checkpoint activation, disrupts DNA damage repair, and induces tumor cell apoptosis.
    AZD0156
  • HY-B0097
    Floxuridine
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Floxuridine (5-Fluorouracil 2'-deoxyriboside) is a pyrimidine analog and known as an oncology antimetabolite. Floxuridine inhibits Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase and induces DNA damage by activating the ATM and ATR checkpoint signaling pathways in vitro. Floxuridine is a extreamly potent inhibitor for S. aureus infection and induces cell apoptosis. Floxuridine has antiviral effects against HSV and CMV.
    Floxuridine
  • HY-12306A
    8-Bromo-cAMP
    		Inducer 99.48%
    8-Bromo-cAMP (8-Br-Camp), a cyclic AMP analog, is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). 8-Bromo-cAMP has anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects against cancer cells.
    8-Bromo-cAMP
  • HY-P0036
    Octreotide
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Octreotide (SMS 201-995) is a somatostatin receptor agonist and synthetic octapeptide endogenous somatostatin analogue. Octreotide (SMS 201-995) can bind to the somatostatin receptor and mainly subtypes 2, 3, and 5, increases Gi activity, and reduces intracellular cAMP production. Octreotide (SMS 201-995) has antitumor activity, mediates apoptosis and may also be used in disease studies in acromegaly.
    Octreotide
  • HY-18936
    Alda-1
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Alda-1 is a potent and selective ALDH2 agonist, which activates wild-type ALDH2 and restores near wild-type activity to ALDH2*2.
    Alda-1
  • HY-110078
    Eeyarestatin I
    		Inducer 99.56%
    Eeyarestatin I, a potent endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) inhibitor, is a potent protein translocation inhibitor. Eeyarestatin I inhibits Sec61 translocon. Eeyarestatin I targets the p97-associated deubiquitinating process (PAD) and inhibits atx3-dependent deubiquitination. Eeyarestatin I interferes at a step prior to proteasomal degradation. Eeyarestatin I induces cell death via the proapoptotic protein NOXA and has anticancer effects.
    Eeyarestatin I
  • HY-13272
    Dacomitinib
    		Inducer 99.74%
    Dacomitinib (PF-00299804) is a specific and irreversible inhibitor of the ERBB family of kinases with IC50s of 6 nM, 45.7 nM and 73.7 nM for EGFR, ERBB2, and ERBB4, respectively.
    Dacomitinib
  • HY-B1334A
    Perhexiline maleate
    		Inducer 99.26%
    Perhexiline maleate is an orally active CPT1 and CPT2 inhibitor that reduces fatty acid metabolism. Perhexiline maleate induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in hepatic cells. Perhexiline maleate can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and shows anti-tumor activity. Perhexiline maleate can be used in the research of cancers, and cardiovascular disease like angina.
    Perhexiline maleate
  • HY-N0021
    Verbascoside
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Verbascoside is isolated from Acanthus mollis, acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PKC, with an IC50 of 25 μM, and has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antineuropathic pain activity.
    Verbascoside
  • HY-N0168
    Hesperetin
    		Modulator 99.12%
    Hesperetin is a natural flavanone that can be found in citrus, and acts as a potent and orally active broad-spectrum inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis via p38 MAPK activation. Hesperetin displays a range of bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Hesperetin is found to induce cell-cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Hesperetin can reduce Bcl-2 and enhance BaxM. Hesperetin induces apoptosis through inhibiting NF-κB receptor.
    Hesperetin
  • HY-10961
    Momelotinib
    		Inducer 99.37%
    Momelotinib (CYT387) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of JAK1/JAK2 with IC50a of 11 nM and 18 nM,respectively. CYT387 shows much less activity against JAK3.
    Momelotinib
  • HY-18980
    Rottlerin
    		Inducer 98.45%
    Rottlerin, a natural product purified from Mallotus Philippinensis, is a specific PKC inhibitor, with IC50 values for PKCδ of 3-6 μM, PKCα,β,γ of 30-42 μM, PKCε,η,ζ of 80-100 μM. Rottlerin acts as a direct mitochondrial uncoupler, and stimulates autophagy by targeting a signaling cascade upstream of mTORC1. Rottlerin induces apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. Rottlerin inhibits HIV-1 integration and Rabies virus (RABV) infection.
    Rottlerin
  • HY-153356
    MRT-2359
    		Inducer 99.98%
    MRT-2359 is a potent, orally active and selective GSPT1 depressant (IC50: >30 nM and <300 nM) that specifically induces apoptosis dependent on protein translation. MRT-2359 exhibits significant and preferred anti-proliferative activity in a variety of cancer cell lines, especially MYC-driven cell lines, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with high expression of N-Myc or L-Myc. MRT-2359 inhibits the growth of drug-resistant NSCLC and SCLC cells, making it suitable for cancer research.
    MRT-2359
  • HY-107856
    5-Fluorouridine
    		Inducer 99.97%
    5-Fluorouridine, a metabolite of5-Fluorouracil (HY-90006), is a potent ribozyme self-cleavage inhibitor. 5-Fluorouridine incorporates into both total and poly A RNA and has antiproliferative activity. 5-Fluorouridine induces apoptosis.
    5-Fluorouridine
  • HY-18731
    1400W Dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    1400W dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride form of 1400W (HY-18730). 1400W is a slow, tight binding, and highly selective inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, with a Kd value ≤ 7 nM. 1400W inhibits iNOS induction in microglial cells, and reduces generation of NO, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis in the rat cerebral cortex, and improving the spatial memory dysfunction caused by acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation.
    1400W Dihydrochloride
  • HY-12164
    Mocetinostat
    		Inducer 99.68%
    Mocetinostat (MGCD0103) is a potent, orally active and isotype-selective HDAC (Class I/IV) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11, respectively. Mocetinostat shows no inhibition on HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, or HDAC8.
    Mocetinostat
  • HY-B0617A
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate
    		Inducer 99.01%
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (S-Adenosyl methionine) tosylate is an orally active methyl group donor. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate is a dietary supplement with potent antidepressant effects. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate also has anti‑proliferative, pro‑apoptotic and anti‑metastatic roles in cancers. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate has the potential for, cancer, liver disease and osteoarthritis research.
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity