2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0172AS
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d2
    		99.28%
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled Isoallolithocholic acid (HY-B0172A). Isoallolithocholic acid is a T cell regulator and enhances regulatory T cells (Tregs) differentiation.
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-B0863S
    Glyphosate-d2
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Glyphosate-d2 is the deuterium labeled Glyphosate. Glyphosate is an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants.
    Glyphosate-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-161268
    NAE-IN-1
    		Inducer 99.75%
    NAE-IN-1 (compound X-10) is a potent NAE1 inhibitor. NAE-IN-1 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. NAE-IN-1 increases ROS levels and prevents cell migration. NAE-IN-1 shows anti-proliferation activity.
    NAE-IN-1
  • HY-N9933
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid
    		Inhibitor
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is a trihydroxylated bile acid. Tauro-β-muricholic acid is a competitive and reversible FXR antagonist (IC50 = 40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid has antiapoptotic effect. Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocellular apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential.
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid
  • HY-14608S
    L-Glutamic acid-13C
    		Inducer 99.9%
    L-Glutamic acid-13C is the 13C-labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
    L-Glutamic acid-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-100376
    CPI-1189
    		Inhibitor 98.49%
    CPI-1189 is an orally active TNF-α release inhibitor. CPI-1189 inhibits phosphorylation of p38. CPI-1189 can inhibit apoptosis. CPI-1189 can be used in the study of HIV and neurological diseases.
    CPI-1189
  • HY-147889
    BBR-BODIPY
    		Inducer 98.15%
    BBR-BODIPY is a fluorescent probe that allows screening its interaction with the targeted cells. BBR-BODIPY induces apoptosis and changes the expression of apoptosis-related proteins.
    BBR-BODIPY
  • HY-13690S1
    Mitotane-13C6
    		98.62%
    Mitotane-13C6 is the 13C labeled Mitotane. Mitotane (2,4′-DDD), an isomer of DDD and derivative of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), is an antineoplastic agent, can be used to research adrenocortical carcinoma. Mitotane exert its adrenocorticolytic effect at least in part through lipotoxicity induced by intracellular free cholesterol (FC) accumulation. Mitotane can have direct pituitary effects on corticotroph cells. Mitotane can induce CYP3A4 gene expression via steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) activation, and has agent-agent interactions.
    Mitotane-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-153661
    Cereblon inhibitor 2
    		Inducer 98.86%
    Cereblon inhibitor 2 (compound 8) is a Cereblon inhibitor useful in solid tumor research, especially breast cancer.
    Cereblon inhibitor 2
  • HY-138789A
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA
    		Inducer 99.43%
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG1-NH2 diTFA
  • HY-164595
    IHMT-MST1-39
    		Inhibitor
    IHMT-MST1-39 is an orally active inhibitor for MST kinase, with IC50 of 42 nM and 109 nM, for MST1 and MST2. IHMT-MST1-39 activates the AMPK signaling pathway in liver cells, reduces apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells. IHMT-MST1-39 ameliorates diabetes in Streptozotocin (HY-13753)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) mouse models.
    IHMT-MST1-39
  • HY-N0124R
    Dioscin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dioscin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dioscin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dioscin (CCRIS 4123; Collettiside III) is a natural plant-derived steroidal saponin that has good anti-cancer activity against a variety of cancer cells. Dioscin causes DNA damage and induces apoptosis in HeLa and SiHa cells. Dioscin regulates ROS-mediated DNA damage and mitochondrial signaling pathways, exerting anticancer activity.
    Dioscin (Standard)
  • HY-W010201R
    Citronellol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Citronellol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citronellol. Citronellol (Standard) is an orally active inducer of apoptosis. Citronellol (Standard) can prevent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-OHDA by regulating the ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Citronellol (Standard) can induce necroptosis in human lung cancer cells through the TNF-α pathway and accumulation of ROS. Citronellol (Standard) can reduce the levels of LC-3 and p62 to regulate the autophagy pathway, inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and thus have neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's rats. Citronellol (Standard) exhibits anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.
    Citronellol (Standard)
  • HY-14184S
    Macitentan-d4
    		Inducer 98.03%
    Macitentan-d4 is a deuterium labeled Sulfamethoxazole. Macitentan is an orally active, non-peptide dual ETA and ETB (endothelin) receptor antagonist. Macitentan has the potential for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
    Macitentan-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-116364
    AZT triphosphate
    		Inducer
    AZT triphosphate (3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate) is a active triphosphate metabolite of Zidovudine (AZT). AZT triphosphate exhibits antiretroviral activity and inhibits replication of HIV. AZT triphosphate also inhibits the DNA polymerase of HBV. AZT triphosphate activates the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway.
    AZT triphosphate
  • HY-115498
    ARN14494
    		Inhibitor 99.08%
    ARN14494 is a potent and selective serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 27.3 nM. ARN14494 affects the CNS in terms of anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. ARN14494 protects neurons from β-amyloid 1-42-induced neurotoxicity through a variety of mechanisms, including anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation. ARN14494 can be used for Alzheimer’s disease research.
    ARN14494
  • HY-120786
    MPT0B014
    		Inducer 99.67%
    MPT0B014 is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor. MPT0B014 induces cancer cell apoptosis. MPT0B014 can be used for the research of cancer.
    MPT0B014
  • HY-15121R
    L-Theanine (Standard)
    		Modulator
    L-Theanine (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Theanine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active.
    L-Theanine (Standard)
  • HY-125857C
    Cytochrome C (bovine heart)
    Cytochrome C (bovine heart) is composed of 104 amino acids and is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein. Cytochrome C (bovine heart) is involved in mitochondrial electron transport and intrinsic type II apoptosis. Cytochrome C (bovine heart) can act as a single electron carrier.
    Cytochrome C (bovine heart)
  • HY-13570R
    Betamethasone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Betamethasone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Betamethasone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Betamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. Betamethasone accelerates fetal lung maturation and induces gene expression and apoptosis.
    Betamethasone (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity