2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N2486R
    Desoxyrhaponticin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Desoxyrhaponticin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Desoxyrhaponticin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Desoxyrhaponticin is a kind of oral drug that inhibits effective fatty acid synthesis (FASN), and has a fatal effect on cancer cells. Desoxyrhaponticin has the ability to inhibit glucose uptake, improve oral glucose tolerance as a diabetic agent, and possess anti-diabetic effects.
    Desoxyrhaponticin (Standard)
  • HY-N2399
    Diffractaic acid
    		Activator 98.47%
    Diffractaic acid, a major constituent of U. longissimi, acts as an effective proapoptotic agent in various disorders research. Diffractaic acid is the analgesic and antipyretic component of Usnea diffracta.
    Diffractaic acid
  • HY-W009156R
    Citric acid tripotassium hydrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Citric acid tripotassium hydrate (Standard) (Potassium citrate monohydrate (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Citric acid tripotassium hydrate (HY-W009156). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Citric acid tripotassium hydrate is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid tripotassium hydrate induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid tripotassium hydrate cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid tripotassium hydrate is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries.
    Citric acid tripotassium hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-123823
    Nitroaspirin
    		Inducer 98.57%
    Nitroaspirin (NCX 4016) is a nitric oxide (NO) donor and a nitro-derivative of Aspirin, which combines with Nitroaspirin to inhibit cyclooxygenase. Nitroaspirin (NCX 4016) has antithrombotic and anti-platelet properties and acts as a direct and irreversible inhibitor of COX-1. Nitroaspirin (NCX 4016) causes significant induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells via down-regulation of EGFR/PI3K/STAT3 signaling and modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins.
    Nitroaspirin
  • HY-15036R
    Diclofenac (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diclofenac (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diclofenac. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diclofenac is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac (Standard)
  • HY-N0680S2
    Thiamine-d4 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thiamine-d4 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Thiamine (hydrochloride). Thiamine hydrochloride (Thiamine chloride hydrochloride) is an essential micronutrient needed as a cofactor for many central metabolic enzymes.
    Thiamine-d<sub>4</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-N3171
    Nortrachelogenin
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Nortrachelogenin ((-)-Wikstromol) from Partrinia scabiosaefolia elicits an apoptotic response in Candida albicans.
    Nortrachelogenin
  • HY-44063
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-NH-Boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-NH-Boc is an E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and NH-PEG3-NH-Boc. Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-NH-Boc acts as a ligand for Cereblon to recruit CRBN protein. The Boc protecting group at the end of Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-NH-Boc can be removed under acidic conditions to participate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules. Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-NH-Boc is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-NH-Boc
  • HY-A0003S
    Lenalidomide-d5
    		Inducer 99.32%
    Lenalidomide-d5 is deuterium labeled Lenalidomide. Lenalidomide (CC-5013), a derivative of Thalidomide, acts as molecular glue. Lenalidomide is an orally active immunomodulator. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is a ligand of ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), and it causes selective ubiquitination and degradation of two lymphoid transcription factors, IKZF1 and IKZF3, by the CRBN-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) specifically inhibits growth of mature B-cell lymphomas, including multiple myeloma, and induces IL-2 release from T cells.
    Lenalidomide-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-P5320
    TAT-BH4 (Bcl-xL)
    		Inhibitor
    TAT-BH4 (Bcl-xL) localized mainly at the mitochondria, prevents apoptotic cell death. TAT-BH4 (Bcl-xL) is a fusion peptide that combines the N-terminal cysteine conjugated protein transduction domain of HIV TAT protein (amino acids 49 to 57) with the Bcl-xL BH4 peptide. TAT-BH4 can be used for research of diseases caused by accelerated apoptosis.
    TAT-BH4 (Bcl-xL)
  • HY-115840
    ICL-CCIC-0019
    		Inducer
    ICL-CCIC-0019 is an inhibitor of choline kinase α (CHKα). ICL-CCIC-0019 induces G1 block, endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis in cancer cell lines.
    ICL-CCIC-0019
  • HY-119325A
    Lanperisone hydrochloride
    		99.65%
    Lanperisone hydrochloride is a novel oral muscle relaxant with anticancer activity. Lanperisone hydrochloride produces non-apoptotic cell death by inhibiting monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex potentials. Lanperisone hydrochloride is also believed to play an important role in the dysregulation of iron metabolism and antioxidant systems to modulate processes associated with ischemic stroke.
    Lanperisone hydrochloride
  • HY-100574
    Cl-amidine
    		Inducer
    Cl-amidine is an orally active peptidylarginine deminase (PAD) inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM, 6.2 μM and 5.9 μM for PAD1, PAD3, and PAD4, respectively. Cl-amidine induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Cl-amidine induces microRNA (miR)-16 (miRNA-16, microRNA-16) expression and causes cell cycle arrest. Cl-Amidine prevents histone 3 citrullination and neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and improves survival in a murine sepsis model.
    Cl-amidine
  • HY-106784A
    (E)-Ajoene
    		Inducer
    (E)-Ajoene is a oxygenated ajoene and organosulfur compound, which can be acquired via allicin decomposing. The polysulfides from garlic can be converted by human red blood cells into hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and allyl glutathione. (E)-Ajoene has been proved to show neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage. (E)-Ajoene is orally active to inhibit lipid peroxidation. (E)-Ajoene increases the number of cresyl violet-positive neurons and decreases the number of reactive gliosis in the CA1 region.
    (E)-Ajoene
  • HY-B0172AS
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d2
    		99.28%
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled Isoallolithocholic acid (HY-B0172A). Isoallolithocholic acid is a T cell regulator and enhances regulatory T cells (Tregs) differentiation.
    Isoallolithocholic acid-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-B0863S
    Glyphosate-d2
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Glyphosate-d2 is the deuterium labeled Glyphosate. Glyphosate is an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants.
    Glyphosate-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-161268
    NAE-IN-1
    		Inducer 99.75%
    NAE-IN-1 (compound X-10) is a potent NAE1 inhibitor. NAE-IN-1 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. NAE-IN-1 increases ROS levels and prevents cell migration. NAE-IN-1 shows anti-proliferation activity.
    NAE-IN-1
  • HY-N9933
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid
    		Inhibitor
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is a trihydroxylated bile acid. Tauro-β-muricholic acid is a competitive and reversible FXR antagonist (IC50 = 40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid has antiapoptotic effect. Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocellular apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential.
    Tauro-β-muricholic acid
  • HY-14608S
    L-Glutamic acid-13C
    		Inducer 99.9%
    L-Glutamic acid-13C is the 13C-labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
    L-Glutamic acid-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-100376
    CPI-1189
    		Inhibitor 98.49%
    CPI-1189 is an orally active TNF-α release inhibitor. CPI-1189 inhibits phosphorylation of p38. CPI-1189 can inhibit apoptosis. CPI-1189 can be used in the study of HIV and neurological diseases.
    CPI-1189
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity