2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10461
    PF-573228
    		Inducer 99.25%
    PF-573228 is a potent and selective FAK inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM for purified recombinant catalytic fragment of FAK.
    PF-573228
  • HY-N0102
    Isoliquiritigenin
    		Inducer 98.07%
    Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication with an EC50 of 24.7 μM.
    Isoliquiritigenin
  • HY-19745
    BMS-202
    		Inducer 99.48%
    BMS-202 is a potent and nonpeptidic PD-1/PD-L1 complex inhibitor with an IC50 of 18 nM and a KD of 8 μM. BMS-202 binds to PD-L1 and blocks human PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. BMS-202 has antitumor activity.
    BMS-202
  • HY-17422
    Acyclovir
    		Inducer 99.34%
    Acyclovir (Aciclovir) is a potent, orally active antiviral agent. Acyclovir has antiherpetic activity with IC50 values of 0.85 μM and 0.86 μM for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis. Acyclovir prevents bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia.
    Acyclovir
  • HY-12755
    ML141
    		Inducer 99.96%
    ML141 (CID-2950007) is a potent, allosteric, selective and reversible non-competitive inhibitor of Cdc42 GTPase. ML141 inhibits Cdc42 wild type and Cdc42 Q61L mutant with EC50s of 2.1 and 2.6 μM, respectively. ML141 shows low micromolar potency and selectivity against other members of the Rho family of GTPases (Rac1, Rab2, Rab7). ML141 do not show cytotoxicity in multiple cell lines.
    ML141
  • HY-16026
    Ricolinostat
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Ricolinostat (ACY-1215) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 nM. ACY-1215 also inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 with IC50s of 58, 48, and 51 nM, respectively.
    Ricolinostat
  • HY-12085
    Apremilast
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Apremilast (CC-10004) is an orally available inhibitor of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) with an IC50 of 74 nM. Apremilast inhibits TNF-α release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an IC50 of 104 nM.
    Apremilast
  • HY-N1428
    Citric acid
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries.
    Citric acid
  • HY-18980
    Rottlerin
    		Inducer 98.45%
    Rottlerin, a natural product purified from Mallotus Philippinensis, is a specific PKC inhibitor, with IC50 values for PKCδ of 3-6 μM, PKCα,β,γ of 30-42 μM, PKCε,η,ζ of 80-100 μM. Rottlerin acts as a direct mitochondrial uncoupler, and stimulates autophagy by targeting a signaling cascade upstream of mTORC1. Rottlerin induces apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. Rottlerin inhibits HIV-1 integration and Rabies virus (RABV) infection.
    Rottlerin
  • HY-13002
    Torin 2
    		Inducer 99.65%
    Torin 2 is an mTOR inhibitor with EC50 of 0.25 nM for inhibiting cellular mTOR activity, and exhibits 800-fold selectivity over PI3K (EC50: 200 nM). Torin 2 also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 0.5 nM in the cell free assay. Torin 2 can suppress both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Torin 2
  • HY-15578
    McMMAF
    		Activator 99.96%
    McMMAF (Maleimidocaproyl monomethylauristatin F) is an active molecule linker for ADC, made by coupling the powerful microtubule inhibitor Monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) with the protecting group maleimidocaproyl. McMMAF can be conjugated with anti-BCMA antibodies to form J6M0-mcMMAF, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth.
    McMMAF
  • HY-12646
    Rhosin hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Rhosin hydrochloride is a potent, specific RhoA subfamily Rho GTPases inhibitor. Rhosin hydrochloride specifically binds to RhoA to inhibit RhoA-GEF interaction with a Kd of ~ 0.4 uM, and does not interact with Cdc42 or Rac1, nor the GEF, LARG. Rhosin hydrochloride induces cell apoptosis. Rhosin hydrochloride promotes stress resiliency through enhancing D1-MSN plasticity and reducing hyperexcitability.
    Rhosin hydrochloride
  • HY-15828
    Onvansertib
    		Inducer 99.83%
    NMS-1286937 is a potent, selective and orally available PLK1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2 nM.
    Onvansertib
  • HY-15128
    9-cis-Retinoic acid
    		Inducer 99.56%
    9-cis-Retinoic acid (ALRT1057), a vitamin A derivative, is a potent RAR/RXR agonist. 9-cis-Retinoic acid induces apoptosis, regulates cell cycle and has anticancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection activities.
    9-cis-Retinoic acid
  • HY-N0439
    Asiaticoside
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Asiaticoside, a trisaccaride triterpene from Centella asiatica, suppresses TGF-β/Smad signaling through inducing Smad7 and inhibiting TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII in keloid fibroblasts; Asiaticoside shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer properties.
    Asiaticoside
  • HY-100016
    AZD0156
    		Inducer 99.83%
    AZD0156 is a potent, selective and orally active ATM inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.58 nM. AZD0156 inhibits the ATM-mediated signaling, prevents DNA damage checkpoint activation, disrupts DNA damage repair, and induces tumor cell apoptosis.
    AZD0156
  • HY-16438
    RRx-001
    		Inducer 99.79%
    RRx-001, a hypoxia-selective epigenetic agent and studied as a radio- and chem-sensitizer, triggers apoptosis and overcomes agent resistance in myeloma. RRx-001 exhibits potent anti-tumor activity with minimal toxicity. RRx-001 is a dual small molecule checkpoint inhibitor by downregulating CD47 and SIRP-α. RRx-001 is a potent inhibitor of G6PD and shows potent antimalarial activity.
    RRx-001
  • HY-19696A
    Tauroursodeoxycholate sodium
    		Inhibitor 98.40%
    Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA) sodium is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
    Tauroursodeoxycholate sodium
  • HY-18936
    Alda-1
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Alda-1 is a potent and selective ALDH2 agonist, which activates wild-type ALDH2 and restores near wild-type activity to ALDH2*2.
    Alda-1
  • HY-12067
    R406
    		Inducer
    R406 is an orally available and competitive Syk/FLT3 inhibitor for ATP binding with a Ki of 30 nM, potently inhibits Syk kinase activity in vitro with an IC50 of 41 nM, measured at an ATP concentration corresponding to its Km value. R406 reduces immune complex-mediated inflammation. R406 also inhibits Lyn (IC50=63 nM) and Lck (IC50=37 nM).
    R406
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity