2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B1899S
    Taurodeoxycholic acid-d5
    		Inhibitor
    Taurodeoxycholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Taurodeoxycholic acid (HY-B1899). Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD).
    Taurodeoxycholic acid-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-16445B
    CNDAC hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.59%
    CNDAC hydrochloride is a metabolite of the orally active agent Sapacitabine (HY-16445), and a nucleoside analog. CNDAC hydrochloride induces DNA damage and apoptosis.
    CNDAC hydrochloride
  • HY-N3125
    Osajin
    		Activator 98.18%
    Osajin is the major bioactive isoflavone present in the fruit of Maclura pomifera with antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Osajin
  • HY-155050
    PRMT5-IN-31
    		Inducer 99.25%
    PRMT5-IN-31 (Compound 3m) is a selective PRMT5 inhibitor (IC50: 0.31 μM). PRMT5-IN-31 up-regulates hnRNP E1 protein level. PRMT5-IN-31 occupies the substrate site of PRMT5 and forms essential interactions with amino acid residues. PRMT5-IN-31 has antiproliferative effects against A549 cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell migration. PRMT5-IN-31 has high metabolic stability on human liver microsomes (T1/2: 132.4 min).
    PRMT5-IN-31
  • HY-N9359
    Toddaculin
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Toddaculin is a natural coumarin that can induce differentiation and apoptosis in leukemic cells. Toddaculin suppresses excess osteoclast activity and enhances osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Toddaculin also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
    Toddaculin
  • HY-132971
    Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.27%
    Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride has the potential for the research of leprosy and multiple myeloma. Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride used as a tool in developmental biology leads to important discoveries in the biochemical pathways of limb development.
    Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride
  • HY-14608S1
    L-Glutamic acid-1-13C
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    L-Glutamic acid-1-13C is the 13C-labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
    L-Glutamic acid-1-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-114982
    KEA1-97
    		Activator 98.05%
    KEA1-97 is a selective Thioredoxin-caspase 3 interaction disruptor (IC50=10 μM). KEA1-97 disrupts the interaction of thioredoxin with caspase 3, activates caspases, and induces apoptosis without affecting thioredoxin activity.
    KEA1-97
  • HY-90006S1
    5-Fluorouracil-13C,15N2
    5-Fluorouracil-13C,15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled 5-Fluorouracil. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV.
    5-Fluorouracil-<sup>13</sup>C,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-N7045
    Isosilybin B
    		Inducer 99.32%
    Isosilybin B is a flavonolignan. Isosilybin B can be isolated from Silybum marianum. Isosilybin B can regulate cell cycle-related proteins (e.g., reduce cyclins (D3, D1, A, E), Cdk4, Cdk2, Cdc25A), and activate Caspases (Caspase-9 and Caspase-3). Isosilybin B can promote Apoptosis, reduce androgen receptor (AR) and PSA. Isosilybin B has anticancer activity against prostate cancer.
    Isosilybin B
  • HY-B0318S2
    Metronidazole-d3
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Metronidazole-d3 is deuterium labeled Metronidazole.
    Metronidazole-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N1402
    Oxysophoridine
    		Inhibitor 99.18%
    Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Sophora alopecuroides Linn. Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) shows anti inflammatory, anti oxidative stress and anti apoptosis effects.
    Oxysophoridine
  • HY-161254
    ATPase-IN-3
    		Inhibitor 99.89%
    ATPase-IN-3 (compound 6) is a ATPase inhibitor. ATPase-IN-3 has Gastroprotective effect in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers by contribution of anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) and tumor suppressor (P53) proteins.
    ATPase-IN-3
  • HY-158061A
    Topoisomerase II inhibitor 20 TFA
    		Inducer
    Topoisomerase II inhibitor 20 TFA is a potent topoisomerase II inhibitor with IC50 of 0.98 µM. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 20 TFA can induce apoptosis and has broad-spectrum anticancer activity.
    Topoisomerase II inhibitor 20 TFA
  • HY-N6237
    Aspulvinone O
    		Inducer
    Aspulvinone O is a selective inhibitor of glutamate oxaloacetate aminotransferase GOT1. Aspulvinone O inhibits glutamine metabolism and reduces NADPH production, thereby inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Aspulvinone O inhibits PDAC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in xenograft models.
    Aspulvinone O
  • HY-149889
    EGFR-IN-78
    		Inducer 99.57%
    EGFR-IN-78 (compound A5)，a 2-aminopyrimidine derivative，is a reversible inhibitor of EGFRC797S-TK，and also an inducer of apoptosis. EGFR-IN-78 shows anti-proliferative activity，inhibits EGFR phosphorylation and arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase.
    EGFR-IN-78
  • HY-165099
    C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate is a cell apoptosis inhibitor and a cell survival inducer that can stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division. C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate can inhibit acidic sphingomyelinase (SMase) and stimulate PI3-K, which in turn produces PIP3; PIP3 can also inhibit acidic SMase. The C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate and ceramide can be interconverted in cells through kinase and phosphatase activity, and maintaining the balance between the two is crucial for cellular and tissue homeostasis.
    C-8 Ceramide-1-phosphate
  • HY-112732
    Sparfosic acid
    		Inducer 99.33%
    Sparfosic acid, a DNA antimetabolite agent, is a potent inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamoyl transferase, the enzyme catalyzing the second step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Sparfosic acid synergistically enhances the cytotoxicity of a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and interferon-alpha (IFN) against human colon cancer cell lines.
    Sparfosic acid
  • HY-16938S
    5'-Methylthioadenosine-13C6
    		98.45%
    5'-Methylthioadenosine-13C6 is the 13C-labeled 5'-Methylthioadenosine. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis.
    5'-Methylthioadenosine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N6690
    Destruxin B
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Destruxin B, isolated from entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, is one of the cyclodepsipeptides with insecticidal and anticancer activities. Destruxin B induces apoptosis via a Bcl-2 Family-dependent mitochondrial pathway in human nonsmall cell lung cancer cells. Destruxin B significantly activates caspase-3 and reduces tumor cell proliferation through caspase-mediated apoptosis, not only in vitro but also in vivo.
    Destruxin B
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity