2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-16399
    Pladienolide B
    		Inducer 99.20%
    Pladienolide B is a potent cancer cell growth inhibitor that targets the SF3B1 subunit of the spliceosome. Pladienolide B exerts antitumor activities mediated through the inhibition of pre-mRNA splicing. Pladienolide B induces apoptosis.
    Pladienolide B
  • HY-10074
    TPCA-1
    		Inducer 99.66%
    TPCA-1 is a potent and selective inhibitor of IKK-2 with IC50 of 17.9 nM. TPCA-1 is an effective inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation, DNA binding, and transactivation.
    TPCA-1
  • HY-N0529
    Rosmarinic acid
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Rosmarinic acid is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC50s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively.
    Rosmarinic acid
  • HY-B0421
    Mycophenolic acid
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC50 of 0.24 µM. Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including influenza. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects.
    Mycophenolic acid
  • HY-40354A
    Tofacitinib citrate
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Tofacitinib citrate is an orally available JAK3/2/1 inhibitor with IC50s of 1, 20, and 112 nM, respectively. Tofacitinib citrate has antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities.
    Tofacitinib citrate
  • HY-10461
    PF-573228
    		Inducer 99.25%
    PF-573228 is a potent and selective FAK inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM for purified recombinant catalytic fragment of FAK.
    PF-573228
  • HY-15185
    Nirogacestat
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Nirogacestat (PF-3084014) is a reversible, orally bioavailable, noncompetitive, and selective γ-secretase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.2 nM. Inhibition of Notch signaling by Nirogacestat while minimizing gastrointestinal toxicity presents a promising approach for research of Notch receptor-dependent cancers.
    Nirogacestat
  • HY-13271A
    Tubastatin A
    		Inducer 99.07%
    Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A
  • HY-B2163
    Astaxanthin
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Astaxanthin, the red dietary carotenoid, is an orally effective and potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and down-regulates VEGF in blood glucose. Astaxanthin exerts anti-cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, impairs migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3. Astaxanthin also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in studies of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and in the coloring of animal feed.
    Astaxanthin
  • HY-B0879A
    Suramin sodium salt
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Suramin sodium salt (Suramin hexasodium salt) is a reversible and competitive protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) inhibitor. Suramin sodium salt is a potent inhibitor of sirtuins: SirT1 (IC50=297 nM), SirT2 (IC50=1.15 μM), and SirT5 (IC50=22 μM). Suramin sodium salt is a competitive inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (DNA topoisomerase II: IC50=5 μM). Suramin sodium salt is a potent SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor. Suramin sodium salt efficiently inhibits IP5K and is an antiparasitic, anti-neoplastic and anti-angiogenic agent.
    Suramin sodium salt
  • HY-12990
    Spautin-1
    		Inducer 99.54%
    Spautin-1 is a specific and potent autophagy inhibitor which inhibits ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USP10 and USP13 with IC50s of 0.6-0.7 μM.
    Spautin-1
  • HY-N2117
    Isoginkgetin
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Isoginkgetin is a pre-mRNA splicing inhibitor inhibitor. Isoginkgetin also inhibits activities of both Akt, NF-κB and MMP-9. Isoginkgetin inhibits the activity of the 20S proteasome, induces apoptosis and activates autophagy.
    Isoginkgetin
  • HY-103269
    BAI1
    		Modulator 99.89%
    BAI1 is a selective and allosteric inhibitor of BAX, an apoptosis regulator. BAI1 directly binds to BAX and allosterically inhibits BAX activation. BAI1 has the potential for the research of diseases mediated by BAX-dependent cell death.
    BAI1
  • HY-13977A
    PKR-IN-C16
    		Inhibitor 99.70%
    PKR-IN-C16 (Compound C16) is a specific double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) inhibitor. PKR-IN-C16 shows promising neuroprotective properties and can rescue acute brain lesions.
    PKR-IN-C16
  • HY-10215
    Luminespib
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Luminespib (VER-52296) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50s of 7.8 and 21 nM for HSP90α and HSP90β, respectively.
    Luminespib
  • HY-B0285A
    Amiloride hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Amiloride hydrochloride (MK-870 hydrochloride) is an inhibitor of both epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uTPA). Amiloride hydrochloride is a blocker of polycystin-2 (PC2; TRPP2) channel.
    Amiloride hydrochloride
  • HY-15346
    Copanlisib
    		Inducer 99.50%
    Copanlisib (BAY 80-6946) is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, with IC50s of 0.5 nM, 0.7 nM, 3.7 nM and 6.4 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ, respectively. Copanlisib has more than 2,000-fold selectivity against other lipid and protein kinases, except for mTOR. Copanlisib has superior antitumor activity.
    Copanlisib
  • HY-15337
    Hesperidin
    		Inducer 98.14%
    Hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-rutinoside), a flavanone glycoside, is isolated from citrus fruits. Hesperidin has numerous biological properties, such as decreasing inflammatory mediators and exerting significant antioxidant effects. Hesperidin also exhibits antitumor and antiallergic activities.
    Hesperidin
  • HY-103490
    Takinib
    		Inducer 99.41%
    Takinib (EDHS-206) is an orally active and selective TAK1 inhibitor (IC50=9.5 nM), more than 1.5 log more potent than the second and third ranked targets, IRAK4 (120 nM) and IRAK1 (390 nM), respectively. Takinib is an inhibitor of autophosphorylated TAK1 that non-competitively binds within the ATP binding pocket. Takinib induces apoptosis following TNFα stimulation in cell models of rheumatoid arthritis and metastatic breast cancer. Takinib is also a P. falciparum protein kinase 9 (PfPK9) inhibitor (KD(app) of 0.46 μM).
    Takinib
  • HY-17422
    Acyclovir
    		Inducer 99.34%
    Acyclovir (Aciclovir) is a potent, orally active antiviral agent. Acyclovir has antiherpetic activity with IC50 values of 0.85 μM and 0.86 μM for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis. Acyclovir prevents bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia.
    Acyclovir
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity