2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-129395
    Mezigdomide
    		Inducer 99.16%
    Mezigdomide (CC-92480), a cereblon E3 ubiquitin ligase modulating agent (CELMoD), acts as a molecular glue. Mezigdomide shows high affinity to cereblon, resulting in potent antimyeloma activity.
    Mezigdomide
  • HY-B0421
    Mycophenolic acid
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC50 of 0.24 µM. Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including influenza. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects.
    Mycophenolic acid
  • HY-P1860
    TNF-α (31-45), human
    		Inducer 99.66%
    TNF-α (31-45), human is a potent NF-kB pathway activator. TNF-αis a proinflammatory cytokine that induces necrosis or apoptosis. TNF alpha stimulates NF-κB pathway via TNFR2 promotes cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis.
    TNF-α (31-45), human
  • HY-18950
    GSK2795039
    		Inhibitor 99.11%
    GSK2795039 is a NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) inhibitor with a mean pIC50 of 6 in different cell-free assays. GSK2795039 inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH consumption. GSK2795039 reduces apoptosis.
    GSK2795039
  • HY-10074
    TPCA-1
    		Inducer 99.66%
    TPCA-1 is a potent and selective inhibitor of IKK-2 with IC50 of 17.9 nM. TPCA-1 is an effective inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation, DNA binding, and transactivation.
    TPCA-1
  • HY-B2163
    Astaxanthin
    		Inducer ≥98.0%
    Astaxanthin, the red dietary carotenoid, is an orally effective and potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and down-regulates VEGF in blood glucose. Astaxanthin exerts anti-cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, impairs migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3. Astaxanthin also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in studies of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and in the coloring of animal feed.
    Astaxanthin
  • HY-15185
    Nirogacestat
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Nirogacestat (PF-3084014) is a reversible, orally bioavailable, noncompetitive, and selective γ-secretase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.2 nM. Inhibition of Notch signaling by Nirogacestat while minimizing gastrointestinal toxicity presents a promising approach for research of Notch receptor-dependent cancers.
    Nirogacestat
  • HY-14392
    5,6-Dichlorobenzimidazole riboside
    		Inducer 99.95%
    5,6-Dichlorobenzimidazole riboside (DRB) is a nucleoside analog that inhibits several carboxyl-terminal domain kinases, including casein kinase II and cell cycle-dependent kinases (CDK). 5, 6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside has antitumor activity. 5, 6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside can induce apoptosis.
    5,6-Dichlorobenzimidazole riboside
  • HY-B0879A
    Suramin sodium salt
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Suramin sodium salt (Suramin hexasodium salt) is a reversible and competitive protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) inhibitor. Suramin sodium salt is a potent inhibitor of sirtuins: SirT1 (IC50=297 nM), SirT2 (IC50=1.15 μM), and SirT5 (IC50=22 μM). Suramin sodium salt is a competitive inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (DNA topoisomerase II: IC50=5 μM). Suramin sodium salt is a potent SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor. Suramin sodium salt efficiently inhibits IP5K and is an antiparasitic, anti-neoplastic and anti-angiogenic agent.
    Suramin sodium salt
  • HY-10215
    Luminespib
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Luminespib (VER-52296) is a potent HSP90 inhibitor with IC50s of 7.8 and 21 nM for HSP90α and HSP90β, respectively.
    Luminespib
  • HY-12033
    2-Methoxyestradiol
    		Inducer 99.82%
    2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa.
    2-Methoxyestradiol
  • HY-50752
    LY-411575
    		Inducer 98.68%
    LY-411575 is a potent γ-secretase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.078 nM/0.082 nM (membrane/cell-based), and also inhibits Notch S3 cleavage with an IC50 of 0.39 nM.
    LY-411575
  • HY-40354A
    Tofacitinib citrate
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Tofacitinib citrate is an orally available JAK3/2/1 inhibitor with IC50s of 1, 20, and 112 nM, respectively. Tofacitinib citrate has antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities.
    Tofacitinib citrate
  • HY-12990
    Spautin-1
    		Inducer 99.54%
    Spautin-1 is a specific and potent autophagy inhibitor which inhibits ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USP10 and USP13 with IC50s of 0.6-0.7 μM.
    Spautin-1
  • HY-N0529
    Rosmarinic acid
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Rosmarinic acid is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC50s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively.
    Rosmarinic acid
  • HY-103269
    BAI1
    		Modulator 99.89%
    BAI1 is a selective and allosteric inhibitor of BAX, an apoptosis regulator. BAI1 directly binds to BAX and allosterically inhibits BAX activation. BAI1 has the potential for the research of diseases mediated by BAX-dependent cell death.
    BAI1
  • HY-108540
    BCH
    		Inducer 99.13%
    BCH (2-Amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid) is a selective and competitive inhibitor of large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) significantly inhibit cellular uptake of amino acids and mTOR phosphorylation, which induces the suppression of cancer growth and apoptosis.
    BCH
  • HY-100016
    AZD0156
    		Inducer 99.83%
    AZD0156 is a potent, selective and orally active ATM inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.58 nM. AZD0156 inhibits the ATM-mediated signaling, prevents DNA damage checkpoint activation, disrupts DNA damage repair, and induces tumor cell apoptosis.
    AZD0156
  • HY-16026
    Ricolinostat
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Ricolinostat (ACY-1215) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 nM. ACY-1215 also inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 with IC50s of 58, 48, and 51 nM, respectively.
    Ricolinostat
  • HY-103490
    Takinib
    		Inducer 99.41%
    Takinib (EDHS-206) is an orally active and selective TAK1 inhibitor (IC50=9.5 nM), more than 1.5 log more potent than the second and third ranked targets, IRAK4 (120 nM) and IRAK1 (390 nM), respectively. Takinib is an inhibitor of autophosphorylated TAK1 that non-competitively binds within the ATP binding pocket. Takinib induces apoptosis following TNFα stimulation in cell models of rheumatoid arthritis and metastatic breast cancer. Takinib is also a P. falciparum protein kinase 9 (PfPK9) inhibitor (KD(app) of 0.46 μM).
    Takinib
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity