2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Related Products

PDF 16.38 MB

Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-105416
    Calphostin C
    		99.00%
    Calphostin C is a highly selective PKC inhibitor (IC50=0.05 μM) and tumor apoptosis inducer. Calphostin C competitively binds to PKC and inhibits PKC-mediated phosphorylation signal transduction. Calphostin C restores Na+/K+ ATPase activity in the sciatic nerve of diabetic mice and improves neuropathy. Calphostin C can be used in the study of anti-tumor and diabetic complications.
    Calphostin C
  • HY-119931
    2-Hydroxychalcone
    		Inducer 98.80%
    2-hydroxychalcone, a natural flavonoid, is a potent antioxidant, inhibiting lipid peroxidation. 2-Hydroxychalcone induces apoptosis by Bcl-2 downregulation. 2-Hydroxychalcone inhibits the activation of NF-kB.
    2-Hydroxychalcone
  • HY-N1453
    Hypocrellin B
    		Inducer 99.61%
    Hypocrellin B, a pigment isolated from the fungi Hypocrella bambusae and Shiraia bambusicola, is an apoptosis inducer. Hypocrellin B can be used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Hypocrellin B also has antimicrobial and antileishmanial activities.
    Hypocrellin B
  • HY-162265A
    UCM-13369 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.87%
    UCM-13369 (Compound 4b) is a NPM1 inhibitor. UCM-13369 downregulates the pathway associated with mutant NPM1 C+, and specifically recognizes the C-end DNA-binding domain of NPM1 C+. UCM-13369 induces apoptosis in AML cell lines and primary cells. UCM-13369 can be used for leukemia research.
    UCM-13369 dihydrochloride
  • HY-W010520
    Methylisothiazolinone
    		Inducer 99.37%
    Methylothiazolinone is a bacterial and fungal inhibitor and preservative, as well as a sensitizer. Methylisothiazolinone can activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human bronchial epithelial cells to induce apoptosis and inflammatory response. Methylisothiazolinone can promote the development of atopic dermatitis in mice by disrupting Th2/Th17 related immune responses. Methylisothiazolinone can cause mitochondrial damage in the endothelium of rat cerebral blood vessels.
    Methylisothiazolinone
  • HY-W017443S
    L-Asparagine-13C4,15N2 monohydrate
    		≥98.0%
    L-Asparagine-13C4,15N2 monohydrateis the 13C-labeled and 15N-labeled L-Asparagine monohydrate (HY-W017443). L-Asparagine monohydrate is an essential amino acid for leukemic cells and a substrate for L-Asparaginase. L-Asparaginase is a potent anti-leukemic enzyme that promotes asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) depletion and inhibits protein biosynthesis in lymphoblasts. Removal of L-asparagine from plasma by L-Asparaginase results in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent apoptosis. L-Asparaginase has cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo, and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells with low asparagine synthetase (AASNS) expression. L-Asparagine monohydrate can be used as a biomarker and sensor for the study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    L-Asparagine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>4</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub> monohydrate
  • HY-157913
    PKM2-IN-6
    		Inducer 99.77%
    PKM2-IN-6 (compound 7d) is a potent and orally active PKM2 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 23 nM. PKM2-IN-6 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2 phase. PKM2-IN-6 reduces the level of PKM1 and PKM2 at the mRNA level. PKM2-IN-6 shows anticancer activity and has the potential for the research of triple-negative breast cancer.
    PKM2-IN-6
  • HY-169093
    MS41
    		Inducer
    MS41 is a selective eleven-nineteen leukemia (ENL) PROTAC degrader, with DC50s of 3.50 nM (MV4;11), 2.84 nM (SEMK2), 3.03 nM (Jurkat), and 26.58 nM (KASUMI1), respectively. MS41 effectively inhibits the growth of ENL-dependent leukemia cells, induces G1 cell cycle arrest and increases apoptosis. MS41 reduces the chromatin occupancy of ENL-associated transcription elongation machinery, and suppresses oncogenic gene expression and leukemia progression. Red: ENL ligand (HY-169094). Black: linker (HY-W105744). Blue: VHL ligand (HY-112078).
    MS41
  • HY-121337
    Flurochloridone
    		Inducer 99.61%
    Flurochloridone (R-40244) is a selective preemergence and persistent herbicide. Flurochloridone induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activated unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways. Flurochloridone impairs cell viability and induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis mediated by ER stress via activating eIF2α-ATF4/ATF6-CHOP-Bim/Bax signaling pathways in TM4 cells.
    Flurochloridone
  • HY-135746
    OR-1896
    		Inhibitor 99.04%
    OR-1896 is an active long-lived metabolite of Levosimendan. OR-1896 is a highly selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) III isoform inhibitor and a powerful vasodilator. OR-1896 can open ATP-sensitive K+ channels and has Ca2+-sensitizing effect. OR-1896 mitigates cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac remodeling and myocardial inflammation.
    OR-1896
  • HY-162312
    LLK203
    		Inducer 98.58%
    LLK203 is a potent USP2/USP8 dual-target inhibitor with IC50s of 0.89 μM and 0.52 μM, respectively. LLK203 leads a degradation of ERα and induces apoptosis of breast cancer MCF-7 cells. LLK203 demonstrates antitumor activities against the 4T1 tumor mice model.
    LLK203
  • HY-N2552
    Vitamin K5 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.00%
    Vitamin K5 hydrochloride is a photosensitizer and a antimicrobial agent. Vitamin K5 hydrochloride is a specific PKM2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 28, 191 and 120 μM for PKM2, PKM1 and PKL. Vitamin K5 hydrochloride induces apoptosis of colon 26 cells. Vitamin K5 hydrochloride can be used for the research of infection and cancer, and it also can be used as a preservative for pharmaceuticals, foods, and beverages.
    Vitamin K5 hydrochloride
  • HY-N11774
    Euphornin
    		Inducer 98.09%
    Euphornin is a anticaner agent, that can be isolated from E. helioscopia. Euphornin induces apoptosis via caspase-mediated pathways. Euphornin induces cell cycle arrest by increasing the level of the phospho-CDK1 (Tyr15) protein.
    Euphornin
  • HY-120909
    YK5
    		Inducer 99.66%
    YK5 is a potent and selective Hsp70 inhibitor. YK5 selectively and tightly binds to the cytosolic Hsp70s in cancer cells. YK5 has biological activity partly by interfering with the formation of active oncogenic Hsp70/Hsp90/client protein complexes.
    YK5
  • HY-N6932
    Voacamine
    		99.64%
    Voacamine is an indole alkaloid with cannabinoid 1 (CB1) antagonistic activity. Voacamine can inhibit nuclear translocation. Voacamine is effective in enhancing the effect of Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) as it interferes with the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function. Voacamine promotes apoptosis-independent autophagic cell death in human osteosarcoma cells. Voacamine activates mitochondrial-associated apoptosis signaling pathway and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to suppress breast cancer progression. Voacamine inhibits EGFR to exert oncogenic activity against colorectal cancer.
    Voacamine
  • HY-N7043
    Isosilybin A
    		Inducer 99.63%
    Isosilybin A, a flavonolignan isolated from silymarin, has anti-prostate cancer (PCA) activity. Isosilybin A inhibits proliferation and induces G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells, which activates apoptotic machinery in PCA cells via targeting Akt-NF-κB-androgen receptor (AR) axis.
    Isosilybin A
  • HY-144448
    FAK-IN-2
    		98.27%
    FAK-IN-2 is a potent and orally active focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor, with anticancer activity (FAK IC50= 35 nM). FAK-IN-2 covalently inhibits the autophosphorylation of FAK in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibits the clone formation and migration of tumor cells, inducing apoptosis.
    FAK-IN-2
  • HY-18952A
    (Z)-SU5614
    		Inducer 98.09%
    (Z)-SU5614 is a potent FLT3 inhibitor and selectively induces growth arrest, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in Ba/F3 and AML cell lines expressing a constitutively activated FLT3.
    (Z)-SU5614
  • HY-123587
    PR-924
    		Inducer 98.87%
    PR-924 is a selective tripeptide epoxyketone immunoproteasome subunit LMP-7 inhibitor with an IC50 of 22 nM. PR-924 covalently modifies proteasomal N-terminal threonine active sites. PR-924 inhibits growth and triggers apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. PR-924 has antitumor activities.
    PR-924
  • HY-B1315
    Carbaryl
    		Inducer 98.59%
    Carbaryl is the inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase that inhibits the degradation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine and causes neurotoxicity. Carbaryl can be used as an insecticide.
    Carbaryl
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity