2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17507S1
    Pantoprazole-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole-d3 is deuterium labeled Pantoprazole. Pantoprazole (BY10232) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI)[1]. Pantoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142)[3][4].
    Pantoprazole-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-10201S4
    Sorafenib-d3 tosylate
    Sorafenib-d3 (Donafenib) tosylate is the 13C- and deuterium labeled Sorafenib. Sorafenib-d3tosylate is a potent and orally active Raf inhibitor with IC50s of 6 nM and 20 nM for Raf-1 and B-Raf, respectively. Sorafenib-d3tosylate is a multikinase inhibitor with IC50s of 90 nM, 15 nM, 20 nM, 57 nM and 58 nM for VEGFR2, VEGFR3, PDGFRβ, FLT3 and c-Kit, respectively. Sorafenib-d3tosylate induces autophagy and apoptosis. Sorafenib-d3tosylate has anti-tumor activity. Sorafenib is a ferroptosis activator.
    Sorafenib-d<sub>3</sub> tosylate
  • HY-13653S
    (+/-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate-13C3
    		Inducer
    (+/-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate-13C3 is the 13C-labeled (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate is a tea flavonoid with potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate is reported to inhibit EGFR signaling and thereby exert anticancer effects[1]. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a glutamate dehydrogenase 1/2 (GDH1/2, GLUD1/2) inhibitor. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by activating cytochrome c oxidase.
    (+/-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-13955R
    Telmisartan (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Telmisartan (Standard) is the analytical standard of Telmisartan. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Telmisartan is a potent, long lasting antagonist of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), selectively inhibiting the binding of 125I-AngII to AT1 receptors with IC50 of 9.2 nM.
    Telmisartan (Standard)
  • HY-B0627A
    Metformin (glycinate)
    		Inducer
    Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) glycinate inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin glycinate also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin glycinate regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.
    Metformin (glycinate)
  • HY-B0008S
    Sulindac-d3
    		Inducer
    Sulindac-d3 is deuterium labeled Sulindac. Sulindac (MK-231) is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, acts as a COX-2 inhibitor, and inhibits overexpression of COX-2.
    Sulindac-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N6626R
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard)
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyraclostrobin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pyraclostrobin is a highly effective and broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide. Pyraclostrobin can induce oxidative DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy through the activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Pyraclostrobin can be used to control crop diseases.
    Pyraclostrobin (Standard)
  • HY-16592R
    Brefeldin A (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Brefeldin A (Standard) (BFA (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Rutin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Brefeldin A (BFA) is a lactone antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of protein trafficking. Brefeldin A blocks the transport of secreted and membrane proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus. Brefeldin A is also an autophagy and mitophagy inhibitor. Brefeldin A inhibits HSV-1 and has anti-cancer activity.
    Brefeldin A (Standard)
  • HY-157759
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-C2-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-C2-OH can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN proteins and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    (S)-Thalidomide-piperazine-pyrimidine-piperazine-C2-O-C2-OH
  • HY-N0567R
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hydroxysafflor yellow A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Safflomin A) is a natural product of flavonoids isolated from safflower. Hydroxysafflor yellow A can inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis through the autophagy pathway. Hydroxysafflor yellow A has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects. Hydroxysafflor yellow A can be used in the study of cardiovascular disease.
    Hydroxysafflor yellow A (Standard)
  • HY-N1318S
    Salvigenin-d9
    		Inducer
    Salvigenin-d9 is the deuterium labeled Salvigenin. Salvigenin is a natural polyphenolic compound, with neuroprotective effect. Salvigenin has antitumor cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties[1][2].
    Salvigenin-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-131912
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG8-Ts
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG8-Ts is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 8-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology, such as IDO1 PROTAC degrader (HY-131911).
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG8-Ts
  • HY-P0018C
    Pepstatin acetate
    		Inhibitor
    Pepstatin (Pepstatin A) acetate is a specific, orally active aspartic protease inhibitor produced by actinomycetes, with IC50s of 4.5 nM, 6.2 nM, 150 nM, 290 nM, 520 nM and 260 nM for hemoglobin-pepsin, hemoglobin-proctase, casein-pepsin, casein-proctase, casein-acid protease and hemoglobin-acid protease, respectively. Pepstatin acetate also inhibits HIV protease.
    Pepstatin acetate
  • HY-141010B
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine TFA
  • HY-P10343
    Soybean peptide QRPR
    		Agonist
    Soybean peptide QRPR is an agonist of Autophagy. Soybean peptide QRPR activates cellular autophagy by upregulating the expression and activity of PIK3, AKT, and mTOR. Soybean peptide QRPR can reduce the inflammatory response.
    Soybean peptide QRPR
  • HY-14600R
    Rosiglitazone (maleate) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone (maleate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rosiglitazone (maleate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rosiglitazone maleate (BRL 49653C) is a potent and selective activator of PPARγ, with EC50s of 30 nM, 100 nM and 60 nM for PPARγ1, PPARγ2, and PPARγ, respectively, and a Kd of appr 40 nM for PPARγ; Rosiglitazone maleate is also an modulator of TRP channels, inhibits TRP melastatin 2 (TRPM2), TRPM3 and activates TRP canonical 5 (TRPC5).
    Rosiglitazone (maleate) (Standard)
  • HY-138854A
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-15206R
    Glibenclamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Glibenclamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glibenclamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glibenclamide (Glyburide) is an orally active ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) inhibitor and can be used for the research of diabetes and obesity. Glibenclamide inhibits P-glycoprotein. Glibenclamide directly binds and blocks the SUR1 subunits of KATP and inhibits the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR). Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability. Glibenclamide can induce autophagy.
    Glibenclamide (Standard)
  • HY-N0418R
    Quercitrin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Quercitrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Quercitrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Quercitrin (Quercetin 3-rhamnoside) is a bioflavonoid compound with potential anti-inflammation, antioxidative and neuroprotective effect. Quercitrin induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Quercitrin can be used for the research of cardiovascular and neurological disease research.
    Quercitrin (Standard)
  • HY-B1370S
    Hydroxychloroquine-d4 sulfate
    		Inhibitor
    Hydroxychloroquine-d4 (sulfate) is the deuterium labeled Hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ sulfate) is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro[1][2][3].
    Hydroxychloroquine-d<sub>4</sub> sulfate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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