2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-122650
    PHY34
    		Inhibitor 98.43%
    PHY34 is an inhibitor that inhibits ATP6V0A2 and CAS thereby inhibiting autophagy, and has a nanomolar effect. PHY34 inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models. PHY34 can be used for research on high grade serous ovarian cancer.
    PHY34
  • HY-B0313R
    Hydroxyurea (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Hydroxyurea (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hydroxyurea. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hydroxyurea is a cell apoptosis inducer that inhibit DNA synthesis through inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. Hydroxyurea shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
    Hydroxyurea (Standard)
  • HY-163001
    Microcolin H
    		99.05%
    Microcolin H is a marine lipopeptide and phosphatidylinositol transfer protein ligand that targets PITPα/β. Microcolin H increases the conversion of LC3I to LC3II and reduces p62 levels in cancer cells, leading to autophagy cell death (Autophagy). Microcolin H effectively inhibits tumor development and has anti-proliferative activity in nude mouse subcutaneous tumor models.
    Microcolin H
  • HY-130950
    Thalidomide-O-C4-COOH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-C4-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-C4-COOH
  • HY-117025
    Manzamine A
    		Inhibitor 98.2%
    Manzamine A, an orally active beta-carboline alkaloid, inhibits specifically GSK-3β and CDK-5 with IC50s of 10.2 μM and 1.5 μM, respectively. Manzamine A targets vacuolar ATPases and inhibits autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. Manzamine A has antimalarial and anticancer activities. Manzamine A also shows potent activity against HSV-1.
    Manzamine A
  • HY-N0006S1
    Demethoxycurcumin-d4
    Demethoxycurcumin-d4 is the deuterium labeled Demethoxycurcumin. Demethoxycurcumin (Curcumin II) is a major active curcuminoid; possess anti-inflammatory properties[1].
    Demethoxycurcumin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N1399
    Androsin
    		Inducer 98.82%
    Androsin is an active compound isolated from Picrorhiza Kurroa Royle ex Benth. Androsin activates AMPKα/PI3K/Beclin1/LC3 signaling pathway, inhibits SREBP1c/FASN signaling pathway. Androsin can be used in research of asthma and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Androsin is orally active.
    Androsin
  • HY-14802D
    (-)-Talarozole
    		98.12%
    (-)-Talarozole is a potent inhibitor of retinoic acid metabolism extracted from patent WO 1997049704 A1.
    (-)-Talarozole
  • HY-N0416R
    Cucurbitacin B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cucurbitacin B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cucurbitacin B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cucurbitacin B belongs to a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids and is oral active. Cucurbitacin B inhibits tumor cell growth, migration and invasion and cycle arrest, but induces cell apoptosis. Cucurbitacin B has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activity.
    Cucurbitacin B (Standard)
  • HY-N3033
    N-​Benzyllinolenamide
    		99.70%
    N-​Benzyllinolenamide is a natural macamide isolated from Lepidium meyenii, acts as an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) with an IC50 of 41.8 μM.
    N-​Benzyllinolenamide
  • HY-13026S
    Idelalisib-d5
    		Inducer 98.35%
    Idelalisib-d5 is a deuterium labeled Idelalisib. Idelalisib is a highly selective and orally bioavailable p110δ inhibitor[1].
    Idelalisib-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-B0143R
    Niacin (standard)
    		Inducer
    Niacin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Niacin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an orally active water-soluble B3 vitamin that is an essential nutrient for humans. Niacin (Vitamin B3) plays a key role in energy metabolism, cell signaling cascades regulating gene expression and apoptosis. Niacin (Vitamin B3) is also used in the study of cardiovascular diseases.
    Niacin (standard)
  • HY-70002BS
    Enzalutamide carboxylic acid-d6
    		98.99%
    Enzalutamide carboxylic acid-d6 is the deuterium labeled Enzalutamide carboxylic acid (MDV3100 carboxylic acid). Enzalutamide carboxylic acid is an inactive metabolite of Enzalutamide[1].
    Enzalutamide carboxylic acid-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N1441R
    Afzelin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Afzelin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Afzelin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Afzelin (Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside)It is a flavonol glycoside that has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress response, anti-apoptotic, and anti-cardiac cytotoxic effects. AfzelinIt can reduce mitochondrial damage, enhance mitochondrial biosynthesis, and reduce mitochondria-related proteins. Parkinand PTENinduced putative kinase 1 (putative kinase 1)s level. AfzelinCan be improved D-galactosamine(GalN)/LPSSurvival rate of mice treated with doxorubicin prophylaxis (HY-15142A)Induced cardiotoxicity and scopolamine (HY-N0296)-induced neurological injury. AfzelinAlso inhibits asthma and allergies caused by ovalbumin.
    Afzelin (Standard)
  • HY-138847A
    Thalidomide-4-O-C3-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-O-C3-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C3-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-17504BS1
    Rosuvastatin-d6 sodium
    		98.60%
    Rosuvastatin-d6 (sodium) is deuterium labeled Rosuvastatin.
    Rosuvastatin-d<sub>6</sub> sodium
  • HY-129704B
    Thalidomide-NH-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.62%
    Thalidomide-NH-C6-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0117D
    Tigecycline hydrate
    		Inducer 99.51%
    Tigecycline (GAR-936) hydrate is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. The mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tigecycline hydrate for E. coli (MG1655 strain) is approximately 125 ng/mL. MIC50 and MIC90 are 1 and 2 mg/L for Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), respectively.
    Tigecycline hydrate
  • HY-10218R
    Everolimus (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Everolimus (Standard) is the analytical standard of Everolimus. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Everolimus (RAD001) is a Rapamycin (HY-10219) derivative and a potent, selective and orally active mTOR1 inhibitor. Everolimus binds to FKBP-12 to generate an immunosuppressive complex. Everolimus inhibits tumor cells proliferation and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Everolimus has potent immunosuppressive and anticancer activities.
    Everolimus (Standard)
  • HY-N1201R
    Apigenin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Apigenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Apigenin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a Ki of 2 μM.
    Apigenin (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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