2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0413R
    Hupehenine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Hupehenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hupehenine (HY-N0413). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hupehenine is an orally active isosteroidal alkaloid that can be extracted from F. hupehensis. Hupehenine exhibits activities such as antitussive, expectorant, anticancer, and antiparasitic. In vitro, Hupehenine can also inhibit α-synuclein seeded fibril formation, making it applicable for the research of Parkinson's disease and other related disorders.
    Hupehenine (Standard)
  • HY-173431
    Dopamine D4 receptor ligand 3
    		Inducer
    Dopamine D4 receptor ligand 3 (Compound 16) is a dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) antagonist (pKi: 8.86). Dopamine D4 receptor ligand 3 has pIC50 values of 5.78, 5.55, and 6.17 for Go, Gi, and βArr2 sensors in HEK-293T cells, respectively. Dopamine D4 receptor ligand 3 inhibits the viability of three human glioma cell lines, U87 MG, T98G, and U251 MG. Dopamine D4 receptor ligand 3 induces ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction in glioma cells.
    Dopamine D4 receptor ligand 3
  • HY-161685
    Antibiofilm agent-8
    		Inducer
    Antibiofilm agent-8 (compound Ru2) enhances antimicrobial activity on visible-light exposure (400-700 nm, 10 J cm-2). Antibiofilm agent-8 generates of oxidative stress via NADH oxidation and ROS generation and compromises bacterial wall.
    Antibiofilm agent-8
  • HY-B0606A
    Diquafosol
    		Inhibitor
    Diquafosol (INS365 free base) is a potent P2Y2 agonist. Diquafosol nhibits apoptosis and decreases ROS generation. Diquafosol has the potential for the research of dry eye.
    Diquafosol
  • HY-W012575R
    2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (HY-W012575). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a degradation product of acid cherry anthocyanins during in vitro cell culture and an analogue of coenzyme Q precursor molecules. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid can improve the related symptoms of kidney diseases caused by ADCK4/Coq6 deficiency.
    2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Standard)
  • HY-B0166S4
    L-Ascorbic acid-13C-3
    L-Ascorbic acid-13C-3 is the 13C labeled L-Ascorbic acid. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen
    L-Ascorbic acid-<sup>13</sup>C-3
  • HY-131616
    Ethyl α-eleostearate
    		Inhibitor
    Ethyl α-eleostearate is isolated from the ethanolic extract of Pseudo-nitzschia australis (PAEE). The PAEE of Pseudomonas australis has anti-neuroinflammatory effects, inhibiting intracellular ROS as well as pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines.
    Ethyl α-eleostearate
  • HY-W701218
    Sulforaphane-d8
    Sulforaphane-d8 is the deuterium labeled Sulforaphane (HY-13755). Sulforaphane is an orally active inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Sulforaphane promotes the transcription of tumor-suppressing proteins and effectively inhibits the activity of HDACs. Through the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and further induction of HO-1 expression, Sulforaphane protects the heart. Sulforaphane suppresses high glucose-induced pancreatic cancer through AMPK-dependent signal transmission. Sulforaphane exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Sulforaphane-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-N12941
    Macarangin
    		Inhibitor
    Macarangin can be isolated from propolis. Macarangin has DPPH radical-scavenging activity and shows anti-inflammatory activities via inhibiting the activation process of NLRP3 inflammasome.
    Macarangin
  • HY-174377
    PeS-9
    		Inducer

    PeS-9 is an Androgen Receptor (AR) degrader that induces androgen receptor degradation PeS-9 induces mitochondrial and ER stress by promoting cytotoxic ROS production, leading to the release of mitochondrial cytochrome C and AIF. PeS-9 subsequently activates caspases-9 and -3, causing DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. PeS-9 has anticancer activity against prostate cancer and exerts in vivo antitumor and antimetastatic activity with minor side effects. PeS-9 can be used for the study of targeting monotherapy against GLUT-1-overexpressing tumors.
    PeS-9
  • HY-175824
    PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 is a inhibitor targeting the PSD-95/nNOS interaction with potential blood-brain barrier penetration. PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 binds to the PSD-95 PDZ2 domain with high affinity (Ki = 19.45 μM). PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 inhibits glutamate-induced excitotoxicity by reducing intracellular ROS levels and inhibiting apoptosis. PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 significantly reduces cerebral infarct volume in rat tMCAO models. PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 can be used for the study of acute ischemic stroke.
    PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1
  • HY-N0733S4
    Glucosamine-15N hydrochloride
    Glucosamine-15N (hydrochloride) is the 15N labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a
    Glucosamine-<sup>15</sup>N hydrochloride
  • HY-169155
    OsMo
    		Inhibitor
    OsMo is a lysosome-targeting hNEU1 inhibitor that can be used in the study of myocardial injury.
    OsMo
  • HY-146103
    Antiproliferative agent-7
    		Inducer
    Antiproliferative agent-7 (compound 8f) is a potent anti-proliferative agent. Antiproliferative agent-7 has antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HCT-116 and FR-2 with IC50s of 3.5 μM, 15.54 μM, 30.43 μM and 34.8 μM, respectively. Antiproliferative agent-7 can increase ROS production and induce apoptosis.
    Antiproliferative agent-7
  • HY-P10868
    Pegtarazimod
    		Inducer
    Pegtarazimod (RLS-0071) is an inhibitor for Complement system via classical and lectin pathways. Pegtarazimod inhibits myeloperoxidase (MPO), reduces ROS generation. Pegtarazimod reduces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Pegtarazimod exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in research of acute graft-versus-host disease.
    Pegtarazimod
  • HY-175565
    Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-1
    		Inducer
    Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-1 is a dual inhibitor of tubulin and VEGFR-2 (IC50 = 1.52 μM) with anti-angiogenic activity. Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-1 exhibits potent cytotoxicity against the cancer cells. Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-1 elevates ROS production, induces apoptosis and causes G0/G1 phase arrest in HepG-2 cells. Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-1 inhibits the migratory ability and the clonogenic ability in HepG-2 cells. Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-1 can be used for the study of cancer.
    Tubulin/VEGFR-2-IN-1
  • HY-13065R
    Isobavachalcone (Standard)
    		Activator
    Isobavachalcone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isobavachalcone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. and is a potent inhibitor of Akt signaling pathway, which induces apoptosis in human cancer cells (Inhibits OVCAR-8 cell growth with an IC50 value of 7.92 μM). Isobavachalcone also induces Reactive Oxyen Species (ROS) generation in OVCAR-8 cells and has exhibit cancer anti-promotive and anti-proliferative activity.
    Isobavachalcone (Standard)
  • HY-B0543R
    Allylthiourea (Standard)
    Allylthiourea (Standard) is the analytical standard of Allylthiourea. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Allylthiourea can selectively inhibit the oxidation of ammonia. Allylthiourea is commonly used to inhibit nitrification by targeting ammonia monooxygenase and chelating copper in the active site to suppress its activity. Allylthiourea also exhibits anticancer activity, showing cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line with an IC50 of 5.22 mM. Allylthiourea can be utilized in research related to micropollutant biodegradability and cancer studies[4].
    Allylthiourea (Standard)
  • HY-W762011R
    BDE 47 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    BDE 47 (Standard) is the analytical standard of BDE 47. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. BDE 47 targets mitochondria, inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), decreases mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induces apoptosis in embryonic cell. BDE 47 induces the generation of ROS, and activates the JNK signaling pathway. BDE 47 exhibits embryonic developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
    BDE 47 (Standard)
  • HY-109654R
    Ensulizole (Standard)
    Ensulizole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ensulizole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ensulizole is a sulfonated UV absorber and can intense UVB and partial UVA absorption. Ensulizole can damage the DNA through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon UV or sunlight irradiation.
    Ensulizole (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity