2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-116084S1
    Trimethylamine-N-oxide-13C3
    		Activator
    Trimethylamine-N-oxide-13C3 is the 13C-labeled Trimethylamine N-oxide. Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.
    Trimethylamine-N-oxide-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0361R
    Dihydrocapsaicin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dihydrocapsaicin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dihydrocapsaicin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dihydrocapsaicin, a capsaicin, is a potent and selective TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1) agonist. Dihydrocapsaicin reduces AIF, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Akt levels. Dihydrocapsaicin enhances the hypothermia-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke via PI3K/Akt regulation in rat.
    Dihydrocapsaicin (Standard)
  • HY-P10852
    TAT-MKK3b
    		Inhibitor
    TAT-MKK3b is a p38 peptide inhibitor. TAT-MKK3b can inhibit p38 phosphorylation. TAT-MKK3b has renal targeting, ROS-scavenging, and ferroptosis-mitigating capabilities. TAT-MKK3b improves acute kidney injury and its progression to chronic kidney disease.
    TAT-MKK3b
  • HY-W654003
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid-d5 disodium
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid-d5 disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate-d5) is the deuterium labeled D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (HY-100542). D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling.
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid-d<sub>5</sub> disodium
  • HY-145414
    DYSP-C34
    		Activator
    DYSP-C34 is a potent, biocompatible, and ultrasound (US)-triggered multifunctional molecular machine. DYSP-C34 has multiple favorable properties, such as improved lipophilic/hydrophilic balance, intensified US-induced ROS production capacity, and better cellular permeability, resulting in the excellent tumor target efficiency and notable sonodynamic therapy (SDT)-mediated tumor regression. DYSP-C34 exhibits mild immunogenicity by stimulating APCs directly.
    DYSP-C34
  • HY-16731
    Sembragiline
    Sembragiline (EVT 302) is a potent, selective and reversible monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor. Sembragiline reduces the metabolism of dopamine and other amine neurotransmitters by inhibiting the activity of the MAO-B enzyme, thereby potentially increasing the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the brain. Inhibition of the MAO-B enzyme also reduces the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a role in the pathological process of AD. Sembragiline has good oral activity and blood-brain barrier permeability. Sembragiline can be used in studies of AD, especially in patients with AD who show increased MAO-B activity.
    Sembragiline
  • HY-176274
    FASN/SCD-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    FASN/SCD-IN-1 is a Silybin (HY-N0779A) derivative, an orally active inhibitor of Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN)/Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD). FASN/SCD-IN-1 has shown in vitro activity in inhibiting lipid deposition, reducing FASN and SCD transcriptional levels, and exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic activities. FASN/SCD-IN-1 has demonstrated significant hepatoprotective effects in a rat model of acute liver injury. FASN/SCD-IN-1 ameliorates the pathological features of MASH liver, including steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in a mouse model of myeloproliferative steatohepatitis (MASH). FASN/SCD-IN-1 can be used to study MASH.
    FASN/SCD-IN-1
  • HY-148944
    Didocosahexaenoin
    		Inducer
    Didocosahexaenoin, an omega-3 derivative, is a diglyceride of DHA and can be synthesised from DHA triglycerides. Didocosahexaenoin causes significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and induces ROS production. Didocosahexaenoin induces apoptosis. Didocosahexaenoin induces stronger cytotoxicity than DHA in human prostate carcinoma cells.
    Didocosahexaenoin
  • HY-128463S
    N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone-d14
    N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone-d14 is the deuterium labeled N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone. N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone is a nitrone-based free radical scavenger that forms nitroxide spin adducts. N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone inhibits COX2 catalytic activity. N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone has potent ROS scavenging, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-aging and anti-diabetic activities, and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
    N-tert-Butyl-α-phenylnitrone-d<sub>14</sub>
  • HY-W777458
    Fluorene-13C6
    Fluorene-13C6 is the 13C-labeled Fluorene (HY-W026772). Fluorene is an orally active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and a precursor to other fluorene-based compounds. Fluorene and its derivatives serve as dye precursors for fluorene synthesis. In A549 cells, Fluorene induces oxidative stress and inflammatory responses by increasing ROS and SOD generation, exacerbating lipid peroxidation, modulating antioxidant enzyme activity, and upregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6. In vivo, Fluorene exhibits anxiolytic activity. Fluorene holds potential for research in inflammation and neurological disorders.
    Fluorene-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N15711
    Ganoleucoin R
    		Inhibitor
    Ganoleucoin R is a triterpenoid compound that can be isolated from Ganoderma leucocontextum. Ganoleucoin R exerts a protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative damage and can promote neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Ganoleucoin R possesses neuroprotective and neurogenic activities, and can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases.
    Ganoleucoin R
  • HY-170562
    STEP-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    STEP-IN-1 (Compound 14b) is a potent and selective STEP inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.27 μM. STEP-IN-1 has a neuroprotective effect, which can protect nerve cells from glutamate-induced toxicity, reduce cellular ROS accumulation, and inhibit apoptosis. STEP-IN-1 can be used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases.
    STEP-IN-1
  • HY-178178
    PARP1-IN-46
    		Agonist
    PARP1-IN-46 is a potent PARP-1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.4 nM. PARP1-IN-46 demonstrates remarkable anti-proliferative activity in both rat (C6) and human (U87MG) glioma cells. PARP1-IN-46 promotes PARP cleavage, triggers DNA damage, and increases ROS. PARP1-IN-46 effectively inhibits the migration, invasion and colony formation of glioma cells, and ultimately induces cell apoptosis. PARP1-IN-46 can be used to the study of glioma.
    PARP1-IN-46
  • HY-174399
    AChE/BChE-IN-27
    		Inhibitor
    AChE/BChE-IN-27 is a blood-brain barrier-permeable mixed inhibitor (Pe = 4.12) of AChE and BChE, with IC50 values of 3.72 μM and 9.65 μM, respectively. AChE/BChE-IN-27 has potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 6.32 μM in the DPPH (HY-112053) assay and also exhibits potent in vitro antioxidant activity. AChE/BChE-IN-27 exhibits metal chelating properties. AChE/BChE-IN-27 has neuroprotective potential against oxidative stress. AChE/BChE-IN-27 significantly reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In in vivo experiments, AChE/BChE-IN-27 effectively restored AChE and BChE levels, improved cognition, and can be used for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
    AChE/BChE-IN-27
  • HY-157779
    TPA-NAC
    		Inhibitor
    TPA-NAC is a nonfluorogenic prodrug by introducing N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) into a conjugated acceptor skeleton. TPA-NAC is capable of fluorogenic selective labeling of HSA.
    TPA-NAC
  • HY-168739
    Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17
    		Activator
    Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17 (Compound 7h) is a Topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitor. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17 reduces DDX5 and reverses the locking of Top1 activity by DDX5. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17 induces Top1-mediated DNA damage and promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17 induces Apoptosis (reduces antiapoptotic proteins XIAP, Bcl-2, Survivin and up-regulates pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, γH2AX). Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17 also blocks the progression of the G2/M checkpoint and induces cell cycle arrest. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17 significantly inhibits colony formation and cell migration in colorectal cancer cells. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17 effectively reduces tumors in human PDX tumor mice.
    Topoisomerase I inhibitor 17
  • HY-N12042
    Taxamairin B
    		Inhibitor
    Taxamairin B is a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Taxamairin B decreases proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) expression and the production of NO and ROS in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Taxamairin B exhibits significant protective effects in LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice.
    Taxamairin B
  • HY-170640
    FLT3-IN-29
    		Inhibitor
    FLT3-IN-29 (Compound MY-10) is a FLT3 inhibitor (IC50s: 6.5 and 10.3 nM for FLT3-ITD and FLT3-D835Y mutants). FLT3-IN-29 arrests cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and efficiently induces Apoptosis. FLT3-IN-29 also reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). FLT3-IN-29 displays antileukemic activity.
    FLT3-IN-29
  • HY-175852
    Ferroptosis inducer-11
    		Inhibitor
    Ferroptosis inducer-11 is a ferroptosis inducer. Ferroptosis inducer-11 exhibits potent cytotoxicity against HCT-116, NCM-60 and HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 0.43 μM, 3.14 μM and 0.48 μM, respectively. Ferroptosis inducer-11 strongly suppresses GPX4 enzymatic activity with an IC50 of 1.86 μM. Ferroptosis inducer-11 induces ferroptosis, as well as increases intracellular lipid ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and Fe2+ levels, while decreasing glutathione (GSH) levels in colon cancer cells. Ferroptosis inducer-11 can be used for the study of colon cancer.
    Ferroptosis inducer-11
  • HY-172523
    CDA-IN-3
    		Inducer
    CDA-IN-3 (NCDI) is an inhibitor of chitin deacetylase (CDA) with anti-parasitic activity. CDA-IN-3 disrupts the chitin metabolism of nematodes, leading to an increase in the level of ROS in nematodes and causing cell damage. CDA-IN-3 has a significant inhibitory effect on all developmental stages of Caenorhabditis elegans. CDA-IN-3 can be used in the research of the anti-infection field .
    CDA-IN-3
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity