2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-163236
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidine-acetic acid
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidine-acetic acid is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidine-acetic acid can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidine-acetic acid
  • HY-144782
    HDAC10-IN-2
    		Inducer
    HDAC10-IN-2 (compound 10c) is a potent and highly selective HDAC10 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 20 nM. HDAC10-IN-2 modulates autophagy in aggressive FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia cells.
    HDAC10-IN-2
  • HY-B0532AS
    Trifluoperazine-d3 dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Trifluoperazine-d3 (dihydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Trifluoperazine (dihydrochloride). Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride, an antipsychotic agent, acts by blocking central dopamine receptors. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a potent α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a potent NUPR1 inhibitor exerting anticancer activity. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a calmodulin inhibitor, and also inhibits P-glycoprotein. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride can be used for the research of schizophrenia. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride acts as a reversible inhibitor of influenza virus morphogenesis[1][2][3][4][5].
    Trifluoperazine-d<sub>3</sub> dihydrochloride
  • HY-B0260S4
    Methylprednisolone-d2
    		Inhibitor
    Methylprednisolone-d2 is the deuterium labeled Methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels[3][4].
    Methylprednisolone-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-B0271S
    Pyrazinamide-d3
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Pyrazinamide-d3 is deuterium labeled Pyrazinamide. Pyrazinamide (Pyrazinecarboxamide; Pyrazinoic acid amide) is a potent and orally active antitubercular antibiotic. Pyrazinamide is a proagent that is converted to the active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) by PZase/nicotinamidase encoded by the pncA gene in M. tuberculosis[1][2].
    Pyrazinamide-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-12008S1
    Erlotinib-13C6 hydrochloride
    Erlotinib-13C6 (hydrochloride) is the 13C labeled Erlotinib Hydrochloride[1]. Erlotinib Hydrochloride (CP-358774 Hydrochloride) inhibits purified EGFR kinase with an IC50 of 2 nM[2]. Erlotinib-13C6 (hydrochloride) is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Erlotinib-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-N0093R
    Ancitabine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ancitabine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ancitabine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 0
    Ancitabine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-156170
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG5-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG5-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide (HY-10984)-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG5-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG5-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-158282
    Pyrazinamide-KLH
    		Inducer
    Pyrazinamide-KLH is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
    Pyrazinamide-KLH
  • HY-B0102AR
    Fluoxetine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Fluoxetine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluoxetine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluoxetine hydrochloride (LY 110140) is an antidepressant and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
    Fluoxetine (hydrochloride) (Standard)
  • HY-135811S1
    Desethyl chloroquine-d5
    		Inhibitor
    Desethyl chloroquine-d5 is deuterium labeled Desethyl chloroquine. Desethyl chloroquine is a major desethyl metabolite of Chloroquine. Chloroquine diphosphate is an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Desethyl chloroquine possesses antiplasmodic activity[1][2].
    Desethyl chloroquine-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-159894
    Autophagy-lysosome activator-1
    		Activator
    Autophagy-lysosome activator-1 (Compound F1) is a Autophagy-lysosome activator. Autophagy-lysosome activator-1 effectively induces PD-L1 or VISTA degradation in tumor cells.
    Autophagy-lysosome activator-1
  • HY-B0113AR
    Omeprazole (sodium) (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Omeprazole (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Omeprazole (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Omeprazole sodium (H 16868 sodium), a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is available for treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole sodium shows competitive inhibition of CYP2C19 activity with a Ki of 2 to 6 μM. Omeprazole sodium also inhibits growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Omeprazole is a potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) inhibitor (exosome inhibitor).
    Omeprazole (sodium) (Standard)
  • HY-105890
    Spiroplatin
    		Inducer
    Spiroplatin is a Cisplatin (HY-17394) congener and has antitumor activity.
    Spiroplatin
  • HY-N0730R
    Diosgenin glucoside (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diosgenin glucoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diosgenin glucoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diosgenin glucoside, a saponin compound extracted from Trillium tschonoskii, provides neuroprotection by regulating microglial M1 polarization. Diosgenin glucoside protects against spinal cord injury by regulating autophagy and alleviating apoptosis .
    Diosgenin glucoside (Standard)
  • HY-167843
    Alborixin
    Alborixin is an inhibitor of the PI3K-AKT pathway that induces autophagy. It promotes the clearance of intracellular and extracellular amyloid-β by upregulating autophagy-related proteins (such as BECN1, ATG5, ATG7) and enhancing lysosomal activity, thereby reducing amyloid-β-mediated neurotoxicity. Alborixin shows potential for research in Alzheimer's disease.
    Alborixin
  • HY-N0451R
    Acacetin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Acacetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Acacetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acacetin (5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) is an orally active flavonoid derived from Dendranthema morifolium. Acacetin docks in the ATP binding pocket of PI3Kγ. Acacetin causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Acacetin has potent anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for pain-related diseases research.
    Acacetin (Standard)
  • HY-14603R
    Clioquinol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Clioquinol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clioquinol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clioquinol (Iodochlorhydroxyquin) is a topical antifungal agent with anticancer activity. Clioquinol acts as an oral antimicrobial agent for the research of diarrhea and skin infections. Antibiotic.
    Clioquinol (Standard)
  • HY-13683S2
    Mifepristone-d6
    		Inducer
    Mifepristone-d6 is deuterated labeled Mifepristone (HY-13683). Mifepristone (RU486) is a progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist with IC50s of 0.2 nM and 2.6 nM in in vitro assay.
    Mifepristone-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-134985A
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 diTFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 diTFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 diTFA
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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