2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-146684
    HDAC-IN-36
    		Inducer
    HDAC-IN-36 (compound 23 g) is an orally active and potent HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 11.68 nM (HDAC6). HDAC-IN-36 promotes apoptosis, autophagy and suppresses migration. HDAC-IN-36 shows anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activity, and can be used for breast cancer research.
    HDAC-IN-36
  • HY-13683S
    Mifepristone-d3
    		Inducer
    Mifepristone-d3 is the deuterium labeled Mifepristone. Mifepristone (RU486) is a progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist with IC50s of 0.2 nM and 2.6 nM in in vitro assay[1].
    Mifepristone-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-50898S2
    Lapatinib-d5
    		Inducer
    Lapatinib-d5 is deuterium labeled Lapatinib. Lapatinib (GW572016) is a potent inhibitor of the ErbB-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase domains with IC50 values against purified EGFR and ErbB-2 of 10.2 and 9.8 nM, respectively[1].
    Lapatinib-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-149261
    H1k
    		Inducer
    H1k, a Eudistomin Y derivative, is a lysosome-targeted antiproliferation agent. H1k increases the autophagy signal and downregulate the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1) and cyclin B1. H1k can be used in research of cancer.
    H1k
  • HY-W011522R
    Taurolidine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Taurolidine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Taurolidine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Taurolidine is a potent antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Taurolidine inhibits cell proliferation. Taurolidine induces apoptosis and autophagy. Taurolidine rescues mice from sepsis-associated lethality[1][2].
    Taurolidine (Standard)
  • HY-76847R
    Chenodeoxycholic Acid (Standard)
    Chenodeoxycholic Acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chenodeoxycholic Acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
    Chenodeoxycholic Acid (Standard)
  • HY-Y0152R
    Cinchonine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Cinchonine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cinchonine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cinchonine is a natural compound present in Cinchona bark with antimalarial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti platelet-aggregation and anti-obesity properties. Cinchonine inhibits cells proliferation and autophagy and induces apoptosis through activation of Caspase-3. Cinchonine activates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cells.
    Cinchonine (Standard)
  • HY-N0382S
    Galangin-13C3
    		Inducer
    Galangin-13C3 is the 13C-labeled Galangin. Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.
    Galangin-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0889R
    Ginkgetin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ginkgetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginkgetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC50 of 5.92 μΜ.
    Ginkgetin (Standard)
  • HY-172678
    PUC-10
    		Inducer
    PUC-10 is a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 14.6 nM and an IC50 of 32 nM. In silico predictions suggest that PUC-10 is orally active and can cross the blood-brain barrier. PUC-10 can induce autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting the mTOR pathway. PUC-10 can be used in the research of neurological disorders.
    PUC-10
  • HY-157458
    PDEδ autophagic degrader 1
    		Inducer
    PDEδ autophagic degrader 1 (compound 12c), an autophagosome-tethering compound (ATTEC). is a potent PDEδ autophagic degrader. PDEδ autophagic degrader 1 reduces the PDEδ protein level through lysosome-mediated autophagy without affecting the PDEδ mRNA expression. PDEδ autophagic degrader 1 suppresses the growth in KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer cells.
    PDEδ autophagic degrader 1
  • HY-173057
    BMX-IN-3
    		Inducer
    BMX-IN-3 (B6a) is an irreversible and selective BMX inhibitor, with an IC50 of 12 nM. BMX-IN-3 (B6a) promots cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, triggers protective autophagy, and suppresses the BMX/AKT/mTOR pathway. BMX-IN-3 (B6a) can be used in the research for Gastric Carcinoma .
    BMX-IN-3
  • HY-N0035R
    Arctigenin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Arctigenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Arctigenin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions.
    Arctigenin (Standard)
  • HY-125197
    BRD5631
    		Activator
    BRD5631 is an autophagy enhancer, enhances autophagy through an mTOR-independent pathway. BRD5631 affects several cellular disease phenotypes previously linked to autophagy, including protein aggregation, cell survival, bacterial replication, and inflammatory cytokine production.
    BRD5631
  • HY-N10443
    Mammea A/BA
    		Inducer
    Mammea A/BA has potent activity against Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Mammea A/BA induces mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA fragmentation, and increases number of acidic vacuoles. Mammea A/BA can induce apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. Mammea A/BA can be used for researching chagas disease.
    Mammea A/BA
  • HY-114293
    Acetyl coenzyme A
    		Inhibitor
    Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl coenzyme A
  • HY-N1458R
    Isoschaftoside (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Isoschaftoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isoschaftoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isoschaftoside, a C-glycosylflavonoid from Desmodium uncinatum root exudate, can inhibit growth of germinated S. hermonthica radicles. Isoschaftoside reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces proliferation in senescent cells. Isoschaftoside activates autophagy. Isoschaftoside can be used for anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and nematicidal study.
    Isoschaftoside (Standard)
  • HY-B0960S
    Sulfabenzamide-d4
    Sulfabenzamide-d4 is the deuterium labeled Thiabendazole.
    Sulfabenzamide-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-17504AS
    Rosuvastatin-d3
    		Inducer
    Rosuvastatin-d3 is a deuterium labeled Rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin (ZD 4522) is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 11 nM[1]. Rosuvastatin potently blocks human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) current with an IC50 of 195 nM, delayed cardiac repolarization, and thereby prolonged action potential durations (APDs) and corrected QT interval (QTc) intervals[2].
    Rosuvastatin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-70002R
    Enzalutamide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Enzalutamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Enzalutamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Enzalutamide (MDV3100) is an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with an IC50 of 36 nM in LNCaP prostate cells. Enzalutamide is an autophagy activator.
    Enzalutamide (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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